车载RTK在测带状图中的应用

使用车载RTK施测带状图可大幅度提高工作效率。先把带状图中线按道路中线模式建入电子手簿,用中线导航使测点不偏离测图区域。车按"之"字形路线前进,车速控制在20km/h以。手簿切换到手动测量或定距自动记录状态,按40m一点密度采集地形数据。为使移动站能接收到基准站足够强度信号,距离控制在5km以内,基准站般站距离控制在10km以内。当移动站卫星信号间歇性失锁,或移动站与基准站之间电台讯号不稳时,所测得数据不可信。此方法只有便于载体运行的环境下才能发挥作用。     

准噶尔南缘逆冲带多个逆冲断层同期活动的几何学证据

天山北缘为典型的大陆内部活动构造特征,发育准噶尔盆地南缘逆冲带,主要表现为新生代时期形成的多排平行山体的背斜和逆冲断层。野外地质考察、地表填图指出,第二排背斜带玛纳斯背斜和吐谷鲁背斜核部均发育一条逆冲断层,背斜北翼发育一条逆冲断层,并导致河流阶地变形和断层崖的形成。地震资料解释和钻井数据证实玛纳斯背斜和吐谷鲁背斜北翼和核部存在多条向北逆冲的断层,在这些背斜和南侧第一排构造清水河背斜和奇古背斜之间的向斜之下存在隐伏的东湾背斜。二维地震测网构造解释指出东湾背斜为同时活动的、叠置的双重逆冲构造,并造成玛纳斯背斜和吐谷鲁背斜浅层发育一系列无序叠瓦逆冲断层。野外观察和地震解释的生长地层和地层不整合分析证实,这些无序逆冲断层形成时间主要为中新世晚期,一直到第四纪西域组(Q_1x)和乌苏群(Q_2)时期和第四纪中晚期(Q_4)。我们提出准南地区多个逆冲断层同期活动模式不同于新逆冲断层向前陆方向扩展时,旧断层不活动的模式。同期逆冲作用模式展示由于深部有序逆冲作用形成的双重逆冲构造发育期间,同期活动的逆冲作用可在浅层地表形成一系列无序逆冲断层,类似于叠瓦扇逆冲断层。     

大巴山前陆冲断带构造样式和演化过程的数值模拟

由于大巴山地区处于独特的构造背景,拥有丰富的油气资源,正吸引人们开展日益深入的研究。本文通过有限差分方法,利用平面应变的二维弹塑性本构模型,对大巴山前陆冲断带开展了系列数值模拟研究。结果表明,前陆区拥有相对软弱的滑脱层(含膏盐岩的中下三叠统),是大巴山前陆冲断带主滑脱面由后陆向前陆逐渐抬升的主控因素。该滑脱层的分布以及同构造沉积的分布限定了主前缘逆冲断裂(镇巴断裂)的位置,通过该断裂,大巴山后陆的强烈缩短应变由深滑脱层(震旦系下部)向南传递至浅滑脱层(三叠系中下统)。镇巴断裂和城口断裂一起,它们的长期活动性,可能调节了大巴山一半以上的总缩短应变。同构造沉积发生后,前陆区浅层侏罗山式褶皱往前扩展的同时,后陆的先成断裂也继续活动并发生顺时针旋转,构成无序逆冲扩展序列。主要断层的逆冲扩展和经典背驮式不同,缩短应变主要由主断层下盘向后陆深部俯冲来实现。模拟结果和大巴山地质原型的近似程度,说明了利用有限差分软件对地质构造进行模拟的可行性。     

船舶水雾灭火设计方法探讨

论述了水雾灭火的特点,应用范围。以及国内外在船舶消防方面的应用现状。针对我国实际情况,提出了船舶水雾灭火设计的一般要求,对具体设计基本参数,水力计算,系统的监测与控制等进行了探讨,并用计算实例进行验证。     

A review of SAGD technology development and its possible application potential on thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs

Super-heavy oil is a significant unconventional energy source, and more than 30 years of research have shown that steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technology is suitable for thick super-heavy oil reservoirs. Recently, more and more thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs have been discovered in China, while their deep buried depth and serous heterogeneity make the existing SAGD technology difficult to apply, so it is urgent to improve the existing SAGD technology for the thin-layer super-heavy oil. To this end, this paper focuses on the enlightenment of field application in SAGD technology. Firstly, based on typical SAGD field projects, the development history of SAGD technology in the world was reviewed, and the influence of reservoir physical properties on the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs was analyzed. Secondly, the well pattern, wellbore structure, pre-heating, artificial lift, and monitor technique of SAGD were detailed described, and their adjustment direction was expounded for the development of thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs. Lastly, the gas- and solvent-assistant SAGD were comprehensively evaluated, and their application potential in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs was studied. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the application of SAGD technology in thin-layer super-heavy oil reservoirs.     

GPS-RTK联合全站仪在沿黄公路施工放样中的应用

GPS-RTK技术同全站仪配合使用,能克服各自存在的不足,可在满足放样精度的要求下大幅度提高放样速度,实现优势互补,是当前工程测量中普遍采用的一种作业方式。结合公路工程应用实例,给出了GPS-RTK与全站仪联合作业流程,对两种放样方式和结果进行分析比较,得出了一些有益的结论,以供实际使用参考。     

秦岭造山带结构与演化若干问题的再认识

本文详细论述了北秦岭与商丹带、南秦岭、勉略带和太白－佛坪－汉南带的组成、结构特征;重新划分和阐述了秦岭造山带的构造单位及其发展演化。提出秦岭是由五类岩石地层地质体按非线性、混沌动力学的关系组合在一起并拼贴、镶嵌、叠置、堆垛而成的综合构造体,是南北与东西共存的构造格局。其经历了太古宙－古元古代陆核或古陆块增生或拼贴的发展阶段,中－新元古代板块构造体制发展阶段,震旦纪－三叠纪板内海相沉积盆地与造山带转换的发展阶段．印支期以来陆相沉积盆地和造山带转换的抽拉－逆冲岩片构造(或抽拉构造)体制的发展阶段。     

宁波老外滩酒吧街的不得其所与地方建构

酒吧作为城市休闲空间的代表,近年来迅速地在中国城市中扩散。欧美世界的酒吧与地方秩序、社会问题联系紧密,第三世界的酒吧经常被西方学者作为西方的文化飞地,地方权力集中的代表。运用克里斯威尔的“不得其所”为概念框架,以中国沿海城市宁波的一条酒吧街老外滩为案例地,通过问卷调查与访谈观察中外消费者的不同消费行为及空间选择,探讨中国酒吧街的权力结构,试图找出一条不同于西方语境的地方权力建构路径。所得结论如下：① 宁波老外滩酒吧街的“不得其所”现象表现为：中外消费者在选择酒吧上是空间分离的,而且在中国消费者存在的酒吧并不欢迎外国消费者,这一现象建构了酒吧街的地方性;② 参与老外滩地方性建构的主要力量是中外消费者,其中中国消费者在建构地方性中占据主导地位,他们不仅不再将酒吧街作为外国人消费的场所,也排斥不属于自己群体的其他人;③ 与西方研究多认为第三世界酒吧是西方的“文化飞地”,消费者通常是西方人或接受过西方教育的本地精英,其他本地人被隔绝在外不同,宁波老外滩的酒吧呈现出一种中国消费者“反隔离”西方消费者的现象。     

机场工程测量中若干问题的分析

讨论了机场工程测量中的几个问题 ,如机场坐标系、GPS机场控制网的建立、机场数字测图及施工放样等 ,并提出实际工作中应采取的措施。     

Out‐of‐plane seismic response of vertically spanning URM walls connected to flexible diaphragms

A simplified numerical model was used to investigate the out‐of‐plane seismic response of vertically spanning unreinforced masonry (URM) wall strips. The URM wall strips were assumed to span between two flexible diaphragms and to develop a horizontal crack above the wall mid‐height. Three degrees of freedom were used to accommodate the wall displacement at the crack height and at the diaphragm connections, and the wall dynamic stability was studied. The equations of dynamic motion were obtained using principles of rocking mechanics of rigid bodies, and the formulae were modified to include semi‐rigid wall behaviour. Parametric studies were conducted that included calculation of the wall response for different values of diaphragm stiffness, wall properties, applied overburden, wall geometry and earthquake ground motions. The results of the study suggest that stiffening the horizontal diaphragms of typical low‐rise URM buildings will amplify the out‐of‐plane acceleration demand imposed on the wall and especially on the wall–diaphragm connections. It was found that upper‐storey walls connected to two flexible diaphragms had reduced stability for applied earthquake accelerograms having dominant frequency content that was comparable with the frequency of the diaphragms. It was also found that the applied overburden reduced wall stability by reducing the allowable wall rotations. The results of this study suggest that the existing American Society of Civil Engineers recommendations for assessment of vertically spanning walls overestimate the stability of top‐storey walls in multi‐storey buildings in high‐seismic regions or for walls connected to larger period (less stiff) diaphragms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.