Change in Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau Projected by Weighted CMIP6 Models

Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is important to local and downstream ecosystems. Based on a weighting method considering model skill and independence, changes in the TP precipitation for near-term (2021–40), mid-term (2041–60) and long-term (2081–2100) under shared socio-economic pathways (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) are projected with 27 models from the latest Sixth Phase of the Couple Model Intercomparison Project. The annual mean precipitation is projected to increase by 7.4%–21.6% under five SSPs with a stronger change in the northern TP by the end of the 21st century relative to the present climatology. Changes in the TP precipitation at seasonal scales show a similar moistening trend to that of annual mean precipitation, except for the drying trend in winter precipitation along the southern edges of the TP. Weighting generally suggests a slightly stronger increase in TP precipitation with reduced model uncertainty compared to equally-weighted projections. The effect of weighting exhibits spatial and seasonal differences. Seasonally, weighting leads to a prevailing enhancement of increase in spring precipitation over the TP. Spatially, the influence of weighting is more remarkable over the northwestern TP regarding the annual, summer and autumn precipitation. Differences between weighted and original MMEs can give us more confidence in a stronger increase in precipitation over the TP, especially for the season of spring and the region of the northwestern TP, which requires additional attention in decision making.     

基于DEM的数字流域特征提取研究进展

数字高程模型(DEM)是地表形态高程属性的数字化表达,利用流域DEM数据构建数字水系模型并提取流域水文特征,是分布式水文过程模拟的重要基础。DEM中闭合洼地和平坦区域的处理、流向的确定以及DEM分辨率的大小都直接影响着流域水系特征提取的质量与效率。针对当前基于DEM提取河网与流域特征的诸多问题,阐述了DEM数据提取流域水系特征的原理,回顾了数字水系模型与流域特征提取方法,评述了洼地和平地的处理方法及水流方向的确定方法的研究进展,介绍了当前基于不同DEM数据类型的提取方法研究,探讨了DEM尺度和分辨率对提取流域特征的影响,总结了平缓区域数字水系和河网提取的研究进展。     

CHANNEL SHRINKAGE AND ITS INSTABILITY IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER1

From the mid 1980s through the late 1990s, the channel of the lower Yellow River experienced serious shrinkage, which has decreased the flood conveyance of the channel and the sediment carrying capacity of the flow, raised the water levels of floods, and, thus, severely threatened the safety of flood control along the river. The completion of Xiaolangdi Dam in 1999 could help mitigate the channel shrinkage problem, but the situation has not changed yet. This paper analyses the characteristics, mechanisms, and conditions resulting in channel shrinkage, points out channel instabilities, and puts forward approaches of channel rehabilitation.     

神经网络理论在河道洪水预报中的应用

本文将神经网络用于松花江干流河道汇流计算和河道洪峰水位的预报.对各种转移函数的效果进行了比较,线性函数和双正切函的精度较好超过传统的马斯京根法,其中线性转移函数最好,说明对于大江大河线性转移函数最好.由上游断面洪峰水位预报下游断面洪峰水位也取得了良好的效果.     

CINRAD/SB雷达回波强度定标调校方法

回波强度定标和调校方法是保障CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度的关键技术,方法不当会导致回波强度测量误差增大,直接影响雷达定量估测降水产品的可靠性。为了满足回波强度测量误差在±1 dBZ范围内的技术要求,根据雷达气象方程,通过对CINRAD/SB接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统相关影响回波强度测量误差的因素进行分析,提出了从接收机动态范围和雷达参数调整、线性通道增益定标目标常数定标,到测试通道参数调整的回波强度定标工作流程。总结出以线性通道增益定标目标常数定标为基准,采用测试通道参数测量法或基准法调校,以保证发射功率和接收机动态范围变化导致的回波强度测量误差得到在线实时校正,提高了CINRAD/SB回波强度测量精度。从接收机测试通道、主通道、天馈系统及发射功率4个方面,给出了回波异常的分析和诊断流程。并提出在接收机保护器前端增加机外信号注入口和定标信号功率检测功能,以利于机内外回波强度定标对比校准和消除测试通道参数变化导致回波强度测量误差的建议。     

尼日尔盆地油藏水道沉积构型识别及演化规律

深海水道作为深水环境中重要的储层类型,具有极为丰富的深海油气资源,近年来一直是深海油田勘探和开发的重点区域,但对水道内部构型边界的识别刻画仍然是一个难点。依据三维地震数据以及测井和岩心资料,对西非X油藏水道进行了内部构型边界的精细划分,并分析了其水道演化模式。研究表明：区内水道体系边界可通过地震相特征差异进行识别,并将其分为限制性、半限制性和非限制性3种类型;复合水道边界可通过“垂向分期”和“侧向划界”原则进行确定;单一水道边界可通过水道边界振幅强弱变化进行识别,其在平面上有单侧向迁移和沿下游摆动迁移2种迁移模式,在剖面上单向侧向迁移段水道呈侧向迁移的特征,沿下游摆动段呈现出多期水道相互摆动切叠的特征;水道体系的演化可划分为初始形成、快速发育、平稳发育以及水道消亡4个阶段,对应一个完整的海平面变化旋回。     

The formation of large mudwaves by turbidity currents on the levees of the Toyama deep-sea channel, Japan Sea

The development of mudwaves on the levees of the modern Toyama deep‐sea channel has been studied using gravity core samples combined with 3·5‐kHz echosounder data and airgun seismic reflection profiles. The mudwaves have developed on the overbank flanks of a clockwise bend of the channel in the Yamato Basin, Japan Sea, and the mudwave field covers an area of 4000 km². Mudwave lengths range from 0·2 to 3·6 km and heights vary from 2 to 44 m, and the pattern of mudwave aggradation indicates an upslope migration direction. Sediment cores show that the mudwaves consist of an alternation of fine‐grained turbidites and hemipelagites whereas contourites are absent. Core samples demonstrate that the sedimentation rate ranged from 10 to 14 cm ka^?1 on the lee sides to 17–40 cm ka^?1 on the stoss sides. A layer‐by‐layer correlation of the deposits across the mudwaves shows that the individual turbidite beds are up to 20 times thicker on the stoss side than on the lee side, whereas hemipelagite thicknesses are uniform. This differential accretion of turbidites is thought to have resulted in the pattern of upcurrent climbing mudwave crests, which supports the notion that the mudwaves have been formed by spillover turbidity currents. The mudwaves are interpreted to have been instigated by pre‐existing large sand dunes that are up to 30 m thick and were created by high‐velocity (10°ms^?1), thick (c. 500 m) turbidity currents spilling over the channel banks at the time of the maximum uplift of the Northern Japan Alps during the latest Pliocene to Early Pleistocene. Draping of the dunes by the subsequent, lower‐velocity (10^?1ms^?1), mud‐laden turbidity currents is thought to have resulted in the formation of the accretionary mudwaves and the pattern of upflow climbing. The dune stoss slopes are argued to have acted as obstacles to the flow, causing localized loss of flow strength and leading to differential draping by the muddy turbidites, with greater accretion occurring on the stoss side than on the lee slope. The two overbank flanks of the clockwise channel bend show some interesting differences in mudwave development. The mudwaves have a mean height of 9·8 m on the outer‐bank levee and 6·2 m on the inner bank. The turbidites accreted on the stoss sides of the mudwaves are 4–6 times thicker on the outer‐bank levee than their counterparts on the inner‐bank levee. These differences are attributed to the greater flow volume (thickness) and sediment flux of the outer‐bank spillover flow due to the more intense stripping of the turbidity currents at the outer bank of the channel bend. Differential development of mudwave fields may therefore be a useful indicator in the reconstruction of deep‐sea channels and their flow hydraulics.     

利用VB实现手持GPS航点航线输入

手持GPS是目前地质工作中常用的工具,它具有导航方便,高精度,高效率等特点,已赢得广大地质工作者的热爱。但GPS航点航线的输入工作一般是采用手工方式完成,对于大量坐标数据的输入是一个相当繁琐的工作,且容易出错,这样大大限制了GPS的应用。为了解决这个问题,这里利用VB成功地实现了坐标投影转换和批量数据输入GPS,极大地提高了室内和野外工作效率。     

一种基于正交频分复用的高速水声通信技术的研究

OFDM(正交频分复用)是一种适合于在多径衰落和受限带宽信道中进行高速传输的技术。论文把OFDM技术应用于高速水声通信中,设计了一套基于OFDM的高速水声通信系统,阐述了OFDM水声通信系统中同步和信道估计的方法。海上试验证明了系统的有效性。     

双重投影在高速铁路测量中的应用分析

针对目前我国高速铁路测量采用的高斯投影独立坐标系每个投影带可控制范围太小,给施工带来很多不便的问题,提出了首先将椭球面经纬度投影至球面后再沿铁路线方向进行斜墨卡托投影的原理、方法和计算步骤,并通过算例分析其在高速铁路测量应用中的可行性,该投影方法与目前施工单位正在使用的高斯投影相比较具有明显的优点。