澳大利亚芒特艾萨地区遥感地质特征与找矿模型——以沉积变质型铜多金属矿为例

利用遥感技术对澳大利亚芒特艾萨地区铜多金属矿的遥感地质特征进行研究。根据ETM遥感影像数据,对芒特艾萨地区的遥感地质矿产解译,总结和分析该区区域地层、构造和岩浆岩的影像特征。在解剖芒特艾萨铜矿等3处典型铜多金属矿床的基础上,分析各控矿要素的遥感影像特征,初步建立了该类型铜多金属矿的遥感地质找矿模型。根据找矿模型圈定1处遥感地质特征相符的找矿远景区。通过遥感影像数据研究,划分和进一步缩少找矿靶区,对减少境外矿产投资的盲目性具有一定的指导意义。     

Remote sensing application to estimate the volume of water in the form of snow on Mount Lebanon / Application de la télédétection à l’estimation du volume d’eau sous forme de neige sur le Mont Liban

Abstract

Abstract At least one-quarter of the Lebanese terrain is covered by snow annually, thus contributing integrally to feeding surface and subsurface water resources. However, only limited estimates of snow cover have been carried out and applied locally. The use of remote sensing has enhanced significantly the delineation of snow cover over the mountains. Several satellite images and sensors are used in this respect. In this study, SPOT-4 (1-km resolution) satellite images are used. They have the capability to acquire consecutive images every 10 days, thus monitoring the dynamic change of snow and its maximum coverage could be achieved. This was applied to Mount Lebanon for the years 2001–2002. The areas covered by snow were delineated, and then manipulated with the slope angle and altitudes in order to classify five major zones of snowmelt potential. The field investigation was carried out in each zone by measuring depths and snow/water ratio. A volume of around 1100 × 10⁶ m³ of water was derived from snowmelt over the given period. This is equivalent to a precipitation rate of about 425 mm in the region, revealing the considerable portion of water that is derived from snowmelt.     

The largest floods in the High Rhine basin since 1268 assessed from documentary and instrumental evidence

Abstract

The magnitudes of the largest known floods of the River Rhine in Basel since 1268 were assessed using a hydraulic model drawing on a set of pre-instrumental evidence and daily hydrological measurements from 1808. The pre-instrumental evidence, consisting of flood marks and documentary data describing extreme events with the customary reference to specific landmarks, was “calibrated” by comparing it with the instrumental series for the overlapping period between the two categories of evidence (1808–1900). Summer (JJA) floods were particularly frequent in the century between 1651–1750, when precipitation was also high. Severe winter (DJF) floods have not occurred since the late 19th century despite a significant increase in winter precipitation. Six catastrophic events involving a runoff greater than 6000 m ³ s^‐1 are documented prior to 1700. They were initiated by spells of torrential rainfall of up to 72 h (1480 event) and preceded by long periods of substantial precipitation that saturated the soils, and/or by abundant snowmelt. All except two (1999 and 2007) of the 43 identified severe events (SEs: defined as having runoff > 5000 and < 6000 m ³ s ^‐1) occurred prior to 1877. Not a single SE is documented from 1877 to 1998. The intermediate 121-year-long “flood disaster gap” is unique over the period since 1268. The effect of river regulations (1714 for the River Kander; 1877 for the River Aare) and the building of reservoirs in the 20th century upon peak runoff were investigated using a one-dimensional hydraulic flood-routing model. Results show that anthropogenic effects only partially account for the “flood disaster gap” suggesting that variations in climate should also be taken into account in explaining these features.

Citation Wetter, O., Pfister, C., Weingartner, R., Luterbacher, J., Reist, T., & Trösch, J. (2011) The largest floods in the High Rhine basin since 1268 assessed from documentary and instrumental evidence. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(5), 733–758.     

Tephra-fall deposits from the 1992 eruption of Crater Peak, Alaska: implications of clast textures for eruptive processes

 The 1992 eruption of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr, Alaska, involved three subplinian tephra-producing events of similar volume and duration. The tephra consists of two dense juvenile clast types that are identified by color, one tan and one gray, of similar chemistry, mineral assemblage, and glass composition. In two of the eruptive events, the clast types are strongly stratified with tan clasts dominating the basal two thirds of the deposits and gray clasts the upper one third. Tan clasts have average densities between 1.5 and 1.7 g/cc and vesicularities (phenocryst free) of approximately 42%. Gray clasts have average densities between 2.1 and 2.3 g/cc, and vesicularities of approximately 20%; both contain abundant microlites. Average maximum plagioclase microlite lengths (13–15 μm) in gray clasts in the upper layer are similar regardless of eruptive event (and therefore the repose time between them) and are larger than average maximum plagioclase microlite lengths (9–11 μm) in the tan clasts in the lower layer. This suggests that microlite growth is a response to eruptive processes and not to magma reservoir heterogeneity or dynamics. Furthermore, we suggest that the low vesicularities of the clasts are due to syneruptive magmatic degassing resulting in microlitic growth prior to fragmentation and not to quenching of clasts by external groundwater. Received: 5 September 1997 / Accepted: 1 February 1998     

Correlating multiple deformation events across the Mesoproterozoic NE Australia using foliation intersection axes (FIA) preserved within porphyroblasts

Foliation Intersection/Inflection Axes within porphyroblasts (FIAs) allow the chronological and kinematic linking of deformation episodes with associated metamorphism. Measurement of FIAs in the Mesoproterozoic Eastern Fold Belt (EFB) of the Mount Isa Inlier, NE Australia, has revealed phases of deformation and metamorphism that could not previously be distinguished from one another. Both the ‘asymmetry switch’ and ‘FitPitch’ FIA measurement techniques have been applied to key localities of polymetamorphosed and multiply deformed EFB, and they yielded the same result. These independent techniques have revealed (1) E–W trending structures that formed during N–S bulk shortening (D₁) and associated metamorphism (M₁) formed during a period of orogenesis (O₁) and N–S oriented structures that formed during E–W bulk shortening (D₂) and associated metamorphism (M₂) during a period of orogenesis (O₂), and (2) the crustal scale tectonic processes associated with polymetamorphism. Middle to upper amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions occurred during O₁ with crustal thickening followed by near-isothermal decompression leading to low-pressure/high-temperature (LP/HT) conditions with the emplacement of Williams and Naraku Batholiths around 1550 Ma. This was followed by a second period of middle-to upper-amphibolite facies metamorphism, O₂. This history not only correlates better across the EFB, but also with the tectono-metamorphic model recently proposed for the Mesoproterozoic Georgetown Inlier of the north Australian Craton.     

Structural geology of the Dugald River Zn---Pb---Ag deposit, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia

The sediment-hosted Zn---Pb---Ag deposit at Dugald River is situated 87 km northeast of Mount Isa, NW Queensland. It is a mid-scale base metal accumulation restricted to a black slate sequence of low metamorphic grade. The orebody is tabular and consists of fine- to medium-grained sulphides with a dominant mineralogy of sphalerite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, galena, quartz and muscovite. Three different ore types have been recognized based on mineralization textures; laminated, banded and brecciated. The present reserve stands at 38 million tons of ore averaging 13.0% Zn, 2.1% Pb and 42 g/t Ag. A structural investigation has revealed that six stages of deformation have affected the metasediments in the Dugald River area. The first four (D₁, D₂, D₃ and D₄) are characterized by the extensive development of folds and associated axial plane cleavage. They were all generated in a ductile regime and are of considerable significance for the structural evolution of this region as well as for the emplacement and localization of the sulphide mineralization. D₅ provides a transition towards brittle deformation developing strong kink folds with subhorizontal axial planes. D₆ was a brittle event, producing E-W-trending open folds and major NE and NW strike-slip faults crosscutting all the pre-existing structural elements plus segmenting the orebody. Correlation between the development of deformation and the formation of mineralization can be observed from macro- to microscales. Relationships of mineralization with folds and cleavage indicate a post-D₂ (dominant deformation event) and probably syn-D₄ deformation timing for the Zn---Pb---Ag mineralization at Dugald River, as suggested by the ubiquitous truncations of D₂ fabrics by ore mineral assemblages throughout the deposit.     

零散性地质遗迹在线表达——以岳麓山为例

针对零散性地质遗迹保护难度大、成本高的特点,从技术角度将零散性地质遗迹"搬迁"至互联网,结合地质、GIS、计算机等不同学科的理论与方法,从大众用户、管理机构、领域专家、技术人员等角度分析并明确零散性地质遗迹在线表达需求,提出一种零散性地质遗迹在线表达模型——"五层在线表达模型"及其框架;重点分析了零散性地质遗迹在线表达内容、数据及其关键技术。以岳麓山景区为例,从功能、数据库、界面、技术环境等方面对原型进行设计,开发实现了遗迹点的在线目录查询、遗迹点浏览、志愿者信息采集等功能,验证了所提出的"五层在线表达模型"及其关键技术的有效性与实用性,对地质遗迹与互联网的深度结合具有实际意义。     

Elastic model for the gravity and elevation changes before the 2001 eruption of Etna volcano

For 5 months before the 2001 Mt. Etna eruption, a progressive gravity decrease was measured along a profile of stations on the southern slope of the volcano. Between January and July 2001, the amplitude of the change reached 80 μGal, while the wavelength of the anomaly was of the order of 15 km. Elevation changes observed through GPS measurements during a period encompassing the 5-month gravity decrease, remained within 4–6 cm over the entire volcano and within 2–4 cm in the zone covered by the microgravity profile. We review both gravity and elevation changes by a model assuming the formation of new cracks, uniformly distributed in a rectangular prism. The inversion problem was formulated following a global optimization approach based on the use of Genetic Algorithms. Although it is possible to explain the observed gravity changes by means of the proposed analytical formulation, the results show that calculated elevation changes are significantly higher than those observed. Two alternative hypotheses are proposed to account for this apparent discrepancy: (1) that the assumptions behind the analytical formulation, used to invert the data, are fallacious at Etna, and thus, numerical models should be utilized; (2) that a second process, enabling a considerable mass decrease to occur without deformation, acted together with the formation of new cracks in the source volume.     

黄山雨滴下落过程滴谱变化特征

利用2011—2012年4—10月安徽省黄山山顶和山底两个站点同时采集的雨滴谱数据,共选取17个降水个例,将17个降水个例分为对流云降水和层云降水,对不同高度和不同云系降水雨滴谱特征分析得出以下结论:对于不同云系的降水,山顶平均雨滴数浓度大于山底,平均峰值直径和平均质量半数直径在下落过程中均增加,平均雨强和平均雷达反射率因子变化幅度较小。不同云系的雨滴在下落过程中,雨滴谱谱宽变化较小,但雨滴谱均从M-P (Marshall-Palmer) 分布转向了Gamma分布。降水粒子在下落过程中,大部分通道的数浓度均出现损失,最大损失超过50%,随着粒子尺度增加损失逐渐减少,大粒子数浓度在降落时有所增加,增加幅度为10%左右,降水粒子的碰并和蒸发过程很可能是造成降水粒子下落过程中滴谱变化的两个主要原因。     

Multi-decadal changes in the relationships between rainfall characteristics and debris-flow occurrences in response to gully evolution after the 1990–1995 Mount Unzen eruptions

Explosive volcanic eruptions can cause long-term landscape change, leading to increased sediment discharge that continues after the cessation of the eruptions. During the period 1990–1995, eruptions of Mount Unzen, Japan, generated large amounts of pyroclastic material, resulting in 57 debris-flow events during 1991–2018. To investigate changes in the relationships between rainfall characteristics and debris-flow occurrence, we conducted the following: geometric analysis of two gullies (i.e., debris-flow initiation zones) using LiDAR (light detection and ranging)-generated 1 m DEMs (digital elevation models); rainfall analysis, based on the relationship between rainfall duration and mean intensity (i.e., considering the intensity–duration, or ID, threshold); and debris-flow monitoring during 2016–2018. Since 1991, rainfall runoff has caused erosion of the supplied pyroclastic material, generating a channel network consisting of incised gullies. With sufficient rainfall, debris flows formed, accompanied by further gully erosion; this resulted in both vertical and lateral adjustments of the cross-sectional geometry. In the two decades since the eruptions ceased, readily mobilized pyroclastic material has become scarce as the gullies have adjusted to local hydrographic conditions. At the same time, the infiltration capacity of the volcanic flank has increased, reducing the capacity for overland flow. As a result, since 2000, rainfall events with intensities above the ID threshold have occurred; however, the lack of sediment supplied by the gullies appears to have hindered the occurrence and development of debris flows. This suggests that debris flows in volcanically perturbed landscapes may occur at lower rainfall thresholds as long as the corresponding upland channels are evolving as a result of intense overland flow. However, as such channels evolve towards equilibrium geometries, the frequency of debris flows decreases in response to the reduction in sediment availability.