厄尔尼诺现象的构造基础与激发因素

北太平洋对北极的半封闭状态和南太平洋对南极的开放状态是厄尔尼诺事件发生的构造基础，它导致北太平洋海表热能的积累和周期性向南太平洋输送，强潮汐振荡和火山喷发是其激发因素。     

INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENSO MODE

Near 100-year observed data sets are analyzed, and the results show that the variation of seasurface temperature(SST)in the equatorial Indian Ocean has a feature as a dipole oscillation.Thesituation of the dipole oscillation mainly shows the positive phase pattern(higher SST in the westand lower SST in the east than normal)and the negative phase pattern(higher SST in the east andlower SST in the west).The amplitude of the positive phase is larger than that of the negativephase.The dipole is stronger in September—November and weaker in January—April than inother months.It principally shows obviously inter-annual(4—5 year period)and inter-decadalvariation(25—30 year period).Although the Indian Ocean dipole in the individual year seems tobe independent of ENSO in the equatorial Pacific Ocean,in general,the Indian Ocean dipole hasobviously negative correlation with the Pacific Ocean “dipole”(similar to the inverse phase ofENSO).The atmospheric zonal(Walker) circulation is fundamental for relating the two dipoles toeach other.     

Multi-technique monitoring of ocean tide loading in northern France

We have organised afield study of ocean tide loading in the northwestern part of France, where tidal amplitudes are known to be among the highest in the world. GPS and gravimetric techniques have already proved their capability to measure such weak and high-frequency signals. In this study, these classical observations are complemented with less usual techniques, such as tiltmeter and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) measurements. We present here the preliminary results for a common period of observations spanning from 12–19 May 2004. Additional measurements from the French Transportable Laser Ranging Station (FTLRS) were available during September and October 2004. Observation residuals are computed as the difference between the observed and the predicted time signals. We obtain small RMS residuals for GPS measurements (2.5/3.1/4.5 mm for the eastward, northward and upward components), for absolute and relative gravimetry (9 nm/s² and 13 nm/s²) and for tiltmeters (0.05 μrad for EW component). We also fit the amplitude of the main M2 tidal constituent to FTLRS observations and we find a value of 3.731 cm, which is comparable to the theoretical value.     

GOCE卫星重力探测任务

通过分析利用卫星观测技术恢复地球重力场的现状与不足,论述了实施GOCE任务———地球重力场和稳态海洋环流实验的必要性;并阐述了GOCE任务的发展历史及现状、基本特点、组成部分、重力梯度测量原理、数据处理过程、误差特性,以及该任务在固体地球物理学、大地测量学、海洋学、冰河学等地球物理相关科学领域中的应用。     

A further investigation of the decadal variation of ENSO characteristics with instability analysis

Based on instability theory and some former studies, the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） data are analyzed to further study the difference between the propagation of the ENSO-related oceanic anomaly in the off-equatorial North Pacific Ocean before and after 1976. The investigation shows that after 1976 in the off-equatorial North Pacific Ocean, there is a larger area where the necessary conditions for baroclinic and/or barotropic instability are satisfied, which may help oceanic anomaly signals propagating in the form of Rossby waves to absorb energy from the mean currents so that they can grow and intensify. The baroclinic energy conversion rate in the North Pacific after 1976 is much higher than before 1976, which indicates that the baroclinic instability has intensified since 1976. Prom another perspective, the instability analysis gives an explanation of the phenomena that the ENSO-related oceanic anomaly signal in the North Pacific has intensified since 1976.     

Estimation of Oceanic Heat Flux Under Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean

Oceanic heat flux(Fw) is the vertical heat flux that is transmitted to the base of sea ice. It is the main source of sea ice bottom melting. The residual method was adopted to study oceanic heat flux under sea ice. The data acquired by 28 ice mass balance buoys(IMBs) deployed over the period of 2004 to 2013 in the Arctic Ocean were used. Fw values presented striking seasonal and spatial variations. The average summer Fw values for the Canada Basin, Transpolar Drift, and Multiyear Ice area were 16.8, 7.7, and 5.9 W m^-2, respectively. The mean summer F-w for the whole Arctic was 10.1 W m^-2, which was equivalent to a bottom melt of 0.4 m. Fw showed an autumn peak in November in the presence of the near-surface temperature maximum(NSTM). The average Fw for October to December was 3.7 W m^-2. And the average Fw for January to March was 1.0 W m^-2, which was approximately one third of the average Fw in the presence of NSTM. The summer Fw was almost wholly attributed to the incident solar radiation that enters the upper ocean through leads and the open water. Fw calculated through the residual method using IMB data was compared with that calculated through the parameterization method using Autonomous Ocean Flux Buoy data. The results revealed that the Fw provided by the two methods were consistent when the sea ice concentration exceeded 70% and mixing layer temperature departure from freezing point was less than 0.15℃. Otherwise, the Fw yielded by the residual method was approximately one third smaller than that provided by the parameterization method.     

近红外偏振辐射卫星数据的海洋耀光动态检测

太阳光入射海表特定区域形成海洋耀光,呈强反射和偏振特性。在卫星海洋遥感中,海洋耀光对遥感成像质量有较大影响,尤其对海洋上空云、气溶胶及海色等研究干扰较大,因此剔除海洋耀光是卫星遥感数据处理过程中首先要解决的重要问题。以PARASOL卫星的POLDER3载荷数据为研究对象,获取载荷成像时刻太阳及观测几何、海表风速风向及气溶胶光学厚度等参数,采用海气辐射传输相关理论,结合耀光角和多角度NIR偏振辐射信息(865 nm),构建基于近红外偏振辐射特性规则的OGDD模型,获取耀光角临界值实现耀光动态检测。以印度洋某海区为研究对象,获取实测耀光区NIR通道的大气层顶反射率和偏振反射率,利用OGDD模型将耀光角判别临界值调整为34°。相比MODIS经验临界值(40°),标记耀光像元相对减少了30%。结果表明,该方法不仅能通过动态调整临界值准确识别海洋耀光,为云检测及云物理特性反演提供可靠的源数据,还能为高分五号卫星多角度偏振载荷在轨定标及气溶胶反演提供支持。     

Zircon U-Pb geochronology,geochemistry and petrogenesis of syenogranite from Angeer Yinwula area in Inner Mongolia

The study presents the results of U-Pb dating of zircons and whole-rock geochemical analyses of syenogranite in Angeer Yinwula area, China, with the aim of determining its formation time, petrogenesis and regional setting. Zircon U-Pb data obtained by LA-ICP-MS indicate that the syenogranite formed in the Early Cretaceous(136.1±0.9 Ma). Geochemically, the rock is characterized by high SiO_2(76.63%--77.58%) and Na_2O+K_2O(8.00%--8.32%), low MgO(0.02%--0.04%) and TFe_2O_3(0.51%--0.84%), and is enriched in LREEs and LILEs, depleted in HREEs and HFSEs. It belongs to high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous-weakly peraluminous, exhibiting an affinity to I-type granite. All these characteristics implied that the syenogranite in this region derived from crust-mantle mixed source. Overall, the regional geology, geochronology and geochemical features suggest that the formation of the syenogranite was related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Ocean.     

南大洋净初级生产力的时空变化及影响因素分析

南大洋作为全球大洋中重要的碳汇区,分析其净初级生产力(NPP)的分布及变化趋势对气候变化研究具有重要的意义。利用2003—2016年的南大洋NPP数据分析其空间分布情况、季节变化特征及近期变化,并结合海表面温度(SST)和海冰覆盖率(SIC)数据分析两者对NPP的影响。结果表明:①南大洋不同海域年均NPP的范围为64.0—2.26×10^5 mg C·m^–2·a^–1,印度洋扇区、大西洋扇区和太平洋扇区的NPP分别为0.568Gt C·a^–1、0.431 Gt C·a^–1和0.262 Gt C·a^–1;②南大洋NPP在南极大陆近岸海域及威德尔海海域较低,在低纬度岛屿附近和南极大陆部分冰架前缘海域较高;③由于太阳辐射的季节变化,南大洋NPP具有明显的季节变化规律,1月份最高(293.27 Tg C),6月份达到最低值(0.004 Tg C);④2003—2016年大西洋扇区及太平洋扇区的NPP总量变化不具有统计学上的显著性,只在印度洋扇区具有显著的上升趋势;⑤不同扇区NPP的变化趋势主要与SST和SIC的变化有关。     

吐噶喇海峡内潮的能量收支和大小潮变化

吐噶喇海峡是西北太平洋重要的内潮产生区域,该区域内产生的内潮对于东海陆架和西北太平洋的混合和物质输运有十分重要的作用。水平分辨率为3km的JCOPE-T(JapanCoastalOcean PredictabilityExperiment—Tides)水动力学模式的结果表明,吐噶喇海峡的内潮主要产生在地形变化剧烈的海山和海岛附近,其引起的等密面起伏振幅可达30m。吐噶喇海峡的内潮在垂直于等深线方向分为两支向外传播:一支向西北方向传播,进入东海陆架后迅速减小;另一支向东南方向传播,进入西北太平洋。吐噶喇海峡潮能丰富,其在约半个月内的平均输入的净正压潮能通量为13.92GW,其中约有3.73GW转化为内潮能量。生成的内潮能量有77.2%在当地耗散,传出的内潮能通量为0.84GW,主要通过西北和东南两个边界传出。该区域潮能通量有显著的大小潮变化,大潮期间输入的正压潮净能通量和产生的内潮能通量均约为小潮期间的2倍,但其主要产生区域基本不变,且内潮能量耗散比率均在产生的内潮通量的76%—79%。另外,内潮能通量的传播方向也没有发生变化,仍主要通过西北和东南两个边界传出。因此,大小潮的变化仅影响吐噶喇海峡处产生的内潮能量的大小,不影响其产生区域、传播方向和耗散比率。