Formation of Humic-like Substances in Mixed and Pure Cultures of Aquatic Microorganisms

A natural decay of plant and animal biomass in aquatic environments results in the release of different simple structured organic substances into water. In our laboratory experiments we investigated whether some of them, e.g., starch or peptone, and also a complex yeast biomass can be transformed into humic-like substances by natural assemblages and some pure cultures of aquatic microorganisms. After a 6 months incubation most of the cultural media enriched with those natural organic substrates turned dark in color and humic-like substances (HS) could be isolated. However, the original substrate organic carbon was mainly mineralized in microbial cultures, and only about 3 % C was converted into HS. Total yields of HS differed in dependence of the individual substrate used (peptone > yeast > starch), the origin of inoculum (river > lake > groundwater), and the incubation temperature (20°C > 10°C). According to their elemental composition, and their spectroscopical and electrophoretic characteristics the microbially formed HS resembled natural aquatic humic matter, but were higher in aliphatic constituents (carbohydrates, peptides) and lower in aromatic structures. HS-like substances were also obtained from pure cultures of a bacterium Bacillus sphaericus and a fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides. The ¹³C and ¹⁵N isotopic contents of the microbially produced HS differed in dependence on the microbial inoculum and the type of organic substrates used, but in general they indicated anabolic processes to be mainly responsible for the humification of the simple organic substrates used in our experiments.     

The electrical conductivity of Posidonia black shales — from magnetotelluric exploration to rock samples

We carried out a magnetotelluric field campaign in the South–East Lower Saxony Basin, Germany, with the main goal of testing this method for imaging regional Posidonia black shale sediments. Two‐dimensional inversion results of the magnetotelluric data show a series of conductive structures correlating with brine‐saturated sediments but also with deeper, anthracitic Westphalian/Namurian coals. None of these structures can be directly related with the Posidonia black shale, which appears to be generally resistive and therefore difficult to resolve with the magnetotelluric method. This assumption is supported by measurements of electrical resistivity on a set of Posidonia shale samples from the Hils syncline in the Lower Saxony basin. These rock samples were collected in shallow boreholes and show immature (0.53% Ro), oil (0.88% Ro), and gas (1.45% Ro) window thermal maturities. None of the black shale samples showed low electrical resistivity, particularly those with oil window maturity show resistivity exceeding 10⁴ Ωm. Moreover, we could not observe a direct correlation between maturity and electrical resistivity; the Harderode samples showed the highest resistivity, whereas the Haddessen samples showed the lowest. A similar trend has been seen for coals in different states of thermal maturation. Saturation of the samples with distilled and saline water solutions led to decreasing electrical resistivity. Moreover, a positive correlation of electrical resistivity with porosity is observed for the Wickensen and Harderode samples, which suggests that the electrical resistivity of the Posidonia black shale is mainly controlled by porosity.     

GPS遥感大气可降水量在大连地区3次降水过程中的应用

利用大连市气象局地基GPS/MET观测网大气可降水量（PWV）数据,分析2011年大连瓦房店、庄河和长海地区降水天气过程PWV的变化特征及其与降水量和降水强度的关系,在此基础上通过分析物理量场和天气系统,探讨大尺度水汽输送、辐合与PWV变化的关系及GPS在暴雨天气中的应用。结果表明：PWV的增长方式受当地天气系统的支配和制约,对一次明显的降水过程,从开始至结束PWV的变化与降水量有明显的相关性。当有水汽由南向北输送时,PWV在降水开始前逐渐增长,当地面及高空有大范围的水汽辐合且高空比湿值大于10 g·kg^-1时,PWV显著增长（降水开始前4-5 h）,主要降水时段与PWV峰值相对应,同时PWV的增幅大小与降水强度有明显的关系。     

利用GPS监测电离层不均匀结构探讨

利用上海地区GPS综合应用网提供的高时空分辨率的双频GPS观测资料,研究了该区域内一电离层不均匀体的产生、消亡过程.首先,采用Kalman滤波的方法改善双频伪距之差的观测精度,并利用参数估计的方法计算该时段内相应的硬件延迟.再根据电离层单层模型,利用GPS双频观测量、测站位置和GPS精密星历,求出GPS信号穿刺点的坐标和垂直方向电离层的电子含量;然后内插并获取其等值线图.等值线图随时间的变化表明,受等离子体湍流的影响,2003年9月8日北京时间9时40分左右在38°N、118°E左右产生了一电离层不均匀体,其尺度大约在50km左右,生存时间大约为5min.受地球重力场和高空风场的影响,该不均匀体向东北方向扩散.然后,利用大气扩散模型,按扩散方程计算分析了该不均匀体可能发生的电离层层区.理论计算表明,该不均匀体发生在电离层扩展F区,高度在350km左右.     

基于报纸媒体内容分析和信息熵的广交会综合影响力时空分布

从报纸媒体的角度研究广交会作为重大事件的综合影响力的时空分布特点。以中国知网(http://www.cnki.net/) 所属“中国重要报纸全文数据库”(CCND) 2000-05-05 到2011-05-30 时间段内“广交会”为主题的4333 条新闻报道为研究文本, 通过传播学中的内容分析法建构分析类目, 统计类目包括新闻的时间、所属的届数与期数、报社所在城市、新闻版面、新闻字数等, 共由3 个编码员进行统计, 并对类目编码进行信度检测。在对新闻内容进行计量统计的基础上, 引进信息熵度量信息量, 利用信息熵和报道篇数构建广交会综合影响力指标, 进一步构建广交会空间综合影响力指数方程, 分析广交会综合影响力在全国的分布情况, 并检验综合影响力指标和经济指标的相关性。结果发现:① 从时间分布来看, 以新闻报道数量来衡量, 在事件(广交会) 进行时其综合影响力存在时间衰减现象, 各展期综合影响力的年际变化则呈现为周期性的年度重复现象。② 从空间分布来看, 广交会综合影响力空间分布与城市参展商数量、经济情况和距离有着密切的联系:受影响大的城市主要集中在沿海经济发达的省份, 受影响小的城市主要分布在西部和北部, 整体上综合影响力大小和城市分布的密度由东到西递减;综合影响力总体上存在显著的空间距离衰减, 但对于北京和上海这两个特殊城市而言, 空间距离已经不是广交会综合影响力的主要因素, 而在广交会举办地的“当地”(广东省内) 较短的距离内, 距离衰减并不显著, 当空间距离超出一定范围, 则存在明显的距离衰减现象。     

基于CODE GIM的震前电离层TEC异常分析

利用CODE GIM数据分析了2008年5月12日汶川地震和2010年4月14日青海玉树地震震前电离层TEC变化。以震前10天TEC中位数为基准,1.5倍标准差为误差限值,并考虑相应时期的太阳和地磁活动水平（Dst指数和Kp指数）,对震前电离层异常的分布进行了分析。结果表明,两次地震震前几天内都有TEC异常出现。     

Assessing relevance of tweets for risk communication

ABSTRACT

Although Twitter is used for emergency management activities, the relevance of tweets during a hazard event is still open to debate. In this study, six different computational (i.e. Natural Language Processing) and spatiotemporal analytical approaches were implemented to assess the relevance of risk information extracted from tweets obtained during the 2013 Colorado flood event. Primarily, tweets containing information about the flooding events and its impacts were analysed. Examination of the relationships between tweet volume and its content with precipitation amount, damage extent, and official reports revealed that relevant tweets provided information about the event and its impacts rather than any other risk information that public expects to receive via alert messages. However, only 14% of the geo-tagged tweets and only 0.06% of the total fire hose tweets were found to be relevant to the event. By providing insight into the quality of social media data and its usefulness to emergency management activities, this study contributes to the literature on quality of big data. Future research in this area would focus on assessing the reliability of relevant tweets for disaster related situational awareness.     

两次持续性暴雨天气的螺旋度对比分析

本文利用常规观测资料、逐小时区域自动站观测资料、NCEP1°× 1°逐6小时再分析资料等对安顺2019年6月5-11日和9月5-10日的持续性暴雨天气进行分析,结果表明：（1）6月5-11日天气过程主要是由于两高之间不断有短波槽东移造成的,9月5-10日天气过程主要是由于副高稳定少动,西南涡在副高外围稳定维持较造成的;（2）垂直螺旋度垂直积分越大越有利于产生强的短时强降雨,垂直螺旋度强中心发展高度越高越有利于短时强降雨持续不断的产生;（3）水汽垂直螺旋度在这2次持续性暴雨天气过程中对短时强降雨的发生和降雨强度有很好的指示,水汽垂直螺旋度在短时强降雨出现前6小时出现增大,且中心值越大短时强降雨强度越强,在短时强降雨发生期间迅速减小;（4）6月5-11日天气过程中,质量垂直螺旋度值增大-减小得越多,出现的短时强降雨强度越强。     

热带气旋“碧利斯”与南海季风相互作用的强水汽特征数值研究

强热带风暴碧利斯(0604)登陆后其低压环流较长时间地维持,并与南海季风相互作用,造成湖南省东南部发生历史罕见的特大致洪暴雨。文中应用多种常规、非常规细网格观测资料及NECP再分析资料,结合暴雨中尺度数值预报模式AREM对该暴雨过程的强水汽场特征进行了数值模拟和诊断分析,并设计水汽敏感性试验,进一步揭示造成湘东南特大暴雨的水汽通道和水汽来源。结果表明:碧利斯低压环流南侧的西南气流对湘东南暴雨区起到了主要水汽输送作用,且随着碧利斯逆时针旋转,水汽沿着环流中心东侧的强风速带夹卷到环流北侧,并通过增强的东北风源源不断地输送至湘东南。这南北两支主要水汽通道在湘东南长时间交汇,形成了湘东南暴雨区深厚的湿层和强水汽辐合,对碧利斯低压环流较长时间的维持及对湘东南特大暴雨的形成和发展有重要的作用。     

“云娜”台风影响的商城特大暴雨过程分析

利用常规资料、天气图、物理量诊断分析等资料,对“云娜”登陆后的特征及其对商城造成特大暴雨的天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:强大深厚的台风低压是主要影响系统;华北地区弱冷空气侵入台风倒槽是主要原因;地形对降水起增幅作用;水汽通量和垂直速度中心与特大暴雨落区一致,对特大暴雨具有指示意义。