近20年来黄河流域植被覆盖变化分析

利用1982～1999年AVHRR-NDVI数据和对应年份黄河流域气象观测数据，通过计算、分析春季、夏汛及伏秋黄河流域NDVI距平值和湿润指数距平值的年际变化，得出了20世纪80年代至90年代初黄河流域气候相对湿润，90年代中后期相对干旱，植被覆盖状况总体一直处于上升趋势的结论，并评估了黄河流域近20年来生态保护和建设工作成效。     

Estimation Of Atmospheric Water Vapour Flux Profiles In The Nocturnal Unstable Urban Boundary Layer With Doppler Sodar And Raman Lidar

The vertical wind profiles determined by Doppler sodar and the water vapourmixing ratio profiles obtained by Raman lidar are used to estimate the atmosphericwater vapour flux profiles in the nocturnal urban boundary layer under unstableconditions. The experiment was conducted for several nights in the central areaof Rome under a variety of moisture conditions and different urban boundary-layerflow regimes. Despite some scatter in the profiles, the latent heat flux is found tobe positive throughout the depth of the nocturnal urban boundary-layer. Thelayer-averaged flux shows a variation between -4 to +40 W m^-2, whileindividual values of flux in excess of +150 W m^-2 pertain to a case offree convection during cold air advection caused by the sea breeze. The qualityof flux estimates is found to be highly limited by the low sampling rates employedin the experiment resulting in errors to the order of 60%. Therefore, the results mustbe viewed as estimates rather than precise measurements. The skewness profiles ofthe turbulent fluctuations of vertical velocity and water vapour mixing ratio are alsopositive.     

不同太平洋年代际振荡和ENSO位相下大气水分收支变化对北半球冬季太平洋蒸发量的影响

本文利用OAFlux资料研究了1958~2015年北半球冬季太平洋蒸发量在不同厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）和太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）位相下的分布特征,并从水汽收支的角度分析了蒸发量异常的成因,结果表明:ENSO主要影响热带东太平洋、副热带西北太平洋和中纬度北太平洋中部的蒸发量。El Ni?o（La Ni?a）时水汽在北太平洋中部异常辐散（辐合）,有利于当地大气水汽含量减小（增大）,造成蒸发量增大（减小）;副热带西北太平洋异常的水汽辐合（辐散）有利于蒸发量减小（增大）;除此以外,蒸发量在热带东太平洋蒸发量增大（减小）则主要是降水量增大（减小）导致。与此同时,ENSO对上述海区蒸发量的影响还受到PDO的调控,当PDO处于暖（冷）位相时,El Ni?o（La Ni?a）造成蒸发量异常程度在中纬度北太平洋中部显著增大,这主要是由降水量增大（减小）引起的大气水汽含量减小（增大）所致,此时对应着风暴轴异常增大（减小）;当PDO处于冷（暖）位相时,El Ni?o（La Ni?a）造成的蒸发量异常程度在副热带西北太平洋和热带东太平洋显著增大,而这与湿度变化引起的水汽平流异常程度增大紧密相关。     

我国西南地区夏季长周期旱涝急转及其大气环流异常

利用1961~2015年中国567站逐日降水资料,定义了一个西南地区夏季长周期旱涝急转指数,结果表明:1961~1970年夏季旱转涝多于涝转旱,1971~1980年夏季涝转旱年较多,1981~2000年旱转涝与涝转旱年相当,21世纪初以来,指数又呈现出负值的趋势,涝转旱年偏多。选取西南地区夏季旱涝急转典型年,对旱涝急转年的大气环流和水汽输送异常进一步分析发现,旱转涝年旱期西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏强,中高纬西风带偏强,冷空气不易南下,垂直场上表现为下沉运动,来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽输送异常偏弱,西南地区亦处于水汽辐散区,因此降水偏少。而涝期中高纬环流的经向运动增强,乌拉尔山以东的槽加深,东亚沿岸脊加强,中高纬西风带偏弱,在垂直场上表现为上升运动,孟加拉湾和南海为西南地区提供了充足的水汽,有利于该地区降水增多;涝转旱年则相反。     

The Interstitial Environment of Sandy Beaches

Abstract. The interstitial system of sandy beaches is lacunar and has its dimensions defined by the sand granulometry. It can be described by features such as pore size, porosity, permeability, and water content. The most important process occurring in this system, water filtration, is driven by inputs of freshwater from groundwater discharge, and inputs of seawater by tides, wave run-up, and subtidal wave pumping. Reflective beaches have seawater input effected mainly by waves; they filter large water volumes with short residence times. Dissipative beaches display the opposite patterns, slowly filtering small volumes input by tides. Flow patterns and their effects on interstitial climate are described. The water table of the beach moves in response to groundwater discharge, tides, and waves and influences erosion/accretion processes on the beach face: a high water table promotes erosion. A series of moisture zones can be recognised from the dry surface sand at upper tide levels, to permanently saturated sand below the low tide water table, namely: a stratum of dry sand, a stratum of retention, a stratum of resurgence, and stratum of saturation. Interstitial chemistry is briefly described in terms of salinity changes, organic loads, oxygen content, and nutrient cycling. It is concluded that the interstitial environment of sandy beaches spans a continuum between physically and chemically controlled extremes: the former condition occurs on coarse sand reflective beaches, which experience low organic inputs and high filtration rates of large water volumes — resulting in powerful hydrodynamic forces; the latter occurs on dissipative beaches of fine sand, which are subject to high organic inputs and low filtration volumes — resulting in stagnation and steep vertical chemical gradients. Many intermediate situations occur and these are more favourable to interstitial life than either of the extremes.     

川东南小麦生育期间的水资源分析

本文考虑到不同温度条件下,积温对蒸发力影响的不等价效应,对谢良尼诺夫蒸发力计算方法进行了修改,计算了小麦各生育阶段的干燥度,分析结果与实际情况比较吻合。     

Statistical characteristics of heavy metals content in groundwater and their interrelationships in a certain antimony mine area

In recent years, most of domestic and foreign researches about heavy metal pollutions of metal mine mainly focus on water, soil and plants on the surface. There is lack of researches about heavy metal pollution in groundwater of metal mine. In this research, a certain antimony mine area is selected as a typical study area. Also, the study about statistical characteristics of heavy metals in groundwater has been carried out. Furthermore, the interrelationships have been preliminarily discussed through related analysis, such as relevant analysis, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results show that: the excessive elements in groundwater of study area are Sb, As, Pb, Se, and Ni. The average mass concentration of Sb, As, and Pb is higher than that of drinking water standards (GB5749-2006). The concentration of most heavy metals in dry season is lower than or equal to that in wet season for groundwater. Zn is the only metal in groundwater showing a different pattern, the concentration of which in dry season is higher than that in wet season. Under the impacts of stratum leaching and absorption effect, the concentration of heavy metals (except Pb and Ba) in groundwater are lower than or equal to that in surface water. As and Se, the two heavy metals have a significant positive correlation, which shows the two elements might have gone through similar environmental geochemical effect. Also, the connection among Zn, Hg, Pb, and Mn is not obvious; therefore, the sources of those elements are quite different. In addition, the elements of Se and As have obvious positive interrelationship with elements of CO32- and F-. Also, the Pb has significant positive correlation with PO43-, H2SiO3 and oxygen consumption. The results of cluster analysis show that 9 different heavy metals in the study area can be divided into 3 categories: Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg, Cu, and Cr belong to the first category, Se and As belong to the second one, and the last category is Pb. Also, the principle component analysis divides 6 heavy metals (Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Mn, and Se) into 4 different principle components, which can be utilized to assess heavy metals pollution situations in groundwater. The reliability of this method is higher than 91%. Moreover, the research provides theory basis and models for establishing evaluation index system and exploring the evaluation method of heavy mental pollution in groundwater.     

飑线组织化过程对环境垂直风切变和水汽的响应

利用ARPS模式对飑线发生发展过程进行二维理想数值试验,讨论了低层环境垂直风切变和水汽条件变化时,飑线内部物理因子配置变化及其与系统强度演变的联系。研究表明,飑线发展过程中出现的动量、热量和水汽的再分配过程,造成系统内垂直环流结构和扰动温湿场分布发生变化,从而影响系统内部深对流的组织化过程和飑线强度的发展。基于低层环境垂直风切变和水汽两个要素的敏感性试验研究表明,低层环境垂直风切变增大（减小）时,飑线移速减慢（加快）,冷池前沿激发的新对流与中高层的垂直运动相互贯通（分离）,飑线系统强度随之增强（减弱）。此外,当低层水汽增加（减少）时,会导致输送到中层的水汽增加（减少）,中层凝结潜热释放增多（减少）,该层垂直运动增强（减弱）;同时,飑线系统区域环境释放的对流有效位能（CAPE）增大（减小）,新生对流的强度增强（减弱）。低层水汽条件通过水汽输送和能量释放,改变冷池前沿新对流与中高层垂直环流的组织化结构,从而影响飑线强度。     

地基微波辐射仪监测的张掖大气水汽含量与雨强的关系

地基微波遥感具有反演大气水汽的能力,其具有的高时间分辨率,为分析降水过程的水汽含量变化提供了新的手段。用2005年6～7月的微波反演的水汽含量,分析了张掖降水过程的大气水汽含量变化情况。结果表明:张掖甘州降水发生的前提是大气水汽含量需达到某一阈值(夏季为27 mm),而且雨强与大气水汽含量在时间上呈同步分布,这种分布结构与中国东部季风气候区的情况存在差异,后者雨强的峰值滞后于大气水汽含量几小时。