Fractal and Multifractal Modeling of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposit Spectrum： Application to Gold Deposits in Abitibi Area, Ontario, Canada

A number of fractal/multifractal methods are introduced for quantifying the mineral de-lmsit spectrum which include a number-size, grade-tonnage model, power spectrmn model,multi-fractal model and an eigeavalue spectrmn model The first two models characterize mineral deposits spec-tra based on relationships among the measures of mineral deposits.These include the number of deposits,size of deposits,concentration and volume of mineral deposits.The last three methods that deal with the spatial-temporal spectra of mineral deposit studies are all expected to be popularized in near future.A case study of hydrothermal gold deposits from the Abitibi area,a world-class mineral district is used to demonstrate the principle as well as the applications of methods proposed in this paper,It has been shown that fractal and multifractal models are generally applicable to modeling of mineral deposits and occurrences.Clusters of mineral deposits were identified by several methods including the power spectral eral deposits in the Timmins and Kirkland Lake camps.     

Fluid unmixing/immiscibility as an ore-forming process in the giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit, Inner Mongolian, China: Evidence from fluid inclusions

The giant Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe deposit consists of replacement bodies hosted in dolomite marble made up of magnetite, REE fluorocarbonates, fluorite, aegirine, amphibole, calcite and barite. Two or three phase CO₂-rich, three phase hypersaline liquid–vapor–solid, and two phase liquid-rich inclusions have been recognized in mineralized fluorite and quartz samples. Microthermometry measurements indicate that the carbonic phase in CO₂-rich inclusions is nearly pure CO₂. Fluids involving in REE–Nb–Fe mineralization at Bayan Obo might be mainly of H₂O–CO₂–NaCl–(F–REE) system. Coexistences of brine inclusions and CO₂-rich inclusions with similar homogenization temperatures give evidence that immiscibility happened during REE mineralization. An unmixing of an original H₂O–CO₂–NaCl fluid probably derived from carbonatitic magma. The presence of REE-carbonates as an abundant solid in fluid inclusions shows that the original ore-forming fluids are very rich in REE, and therefore, have the potential to produce economic REE ores at Bayan Obo.     

兰坪—思茅盆地红层铜矿成矿规律

兰坪—思茅地洼盆地中新生代红层铜矿可分为三个成因类型:沉积型,沉积-改造型和改造型。它们呈“层—梯”式产出。在成因上与热卤水活动有关。在分布上受澜沧江断裂和中轴断裂控制。微量和稀土元素及同位素地球化学研究表明,成矿物质以壳源为主。成矿热动力与成矿期区域性幔热异常和强烈的构造活动有关。矿床形成于两个时期,即地洼初动期的沉积—成岩矿化期(T_3-E_1)和地洼激烈期的改造成矿期(E_2)。其中,改造成矿是本区铜矿最重要的成矿过程。     

The magmatic–hydrothermal transition—evidence from quartz phenocryst textures and endoskarn abundance in Cu–Zn skarns at the Empire Mine, Idaho, USA

Information about the magmatic to hydrothermal transition is preserved in late-stage features of quartz phenocrysts and endoskarn alteration in some Cu–Zn skarn deposits such as the Empire Mine in Idaho. Important features include: (1) quartz phenocrysts with strong resorption textures such as vermicular zones of igneous groundmass cutting primary quartz cathodoluminescence banding, (2) anomalous amounts of endoskarn (more than 50% of mineralized rock), (3) high F activities as evidenced by fluorite as an accessory mineral in igneous rocks, in alteration assemblages, and in fluid inclusions and by high F in hydroxyl sites in igneous biotite and amphibole, and (4) direct association of Zn, which normally is deposited distally at low temperature, with Cu in proximal locations and in endoskarn. These features are explained by the following model: (1) F lowers the solidus temperature of the magma, thus changing the timing, temperature, and duration of hydrothermal fluid exsolution. (2) Upon magmatic vapor saturation the F-rich hydrothermal fluids form bubbles that adhere to quartz phenocrysts and chemically corrode/tunnel into the quartz forming vermicular resorption textures. (3) F-rich hydrothermal fluids also promote the formation of endoskarn; silicic rocks are attacked by F-rich fluids in the same sense that carbonate wall rocks are dissolved by weakly to moderately acidic hydrothermal fluids. (4) Low fluid exsolution temperature facilitated by high F activity promotes high Zn/Cu ratios in proximal locations due to the solubility of Zn relative to Cu at lower temperatures. This model may be applicable at other localities such as the world-class Cu–Zn skarn Antamina mine, as well as some tin and rapakivi granites.     

晚二叠世峨眉山地幔柱岩浆成矿作用

晚二叠世峨眉山地幔柱岩浆作用同时形成了Cu-Ni-PGE硫化物矿床和V-Ti-Fe氧化物矿床等不同类型的岩浆矿床。从硫化物矿床的PGE富集型、Cu-Ni-PGE富集型到Cu-Ni富集型,再到钒钛磁铁矿矿床,成矿基性-超基性岩体中基性岩石比例逐渐增加,PGE含量降低。铜镍铂族硫化物矿床具Nb和Ta负异常,岩浆流体组分含量较高,含有较高的H₂;而钒钛磁铁矿矿床具Nb、Ta和Ti正异常,Zr和Hf负异常,岩浆流体组分含量较低,含有较高的H₂O、CO₂和H₂。两类矿床强不相容元素和轻稀土元素(LREE)富集,Sr-Nd同位素组成与峨眉山玄武岩的演化趋势一致。Sr-Nd-Os-C-He同位素组成揭示岩浆上升过程中经历了不同程度的地壳混染,高钛玄武岩和钒钛磁铁矿矿床成矿岩体的地壳混染程度较低,部分低钛玄武岩和铜镍硫化物矿床存在明显的地壳混染。这两类岩浆矿床的形成与峨眉山地幔柱玄武岩浆有关,岩浆介质环境中H₂含量较高,V-Ti-Fe 氧化物矿床的形成与分离结晶、高含量的水和氧逸度的升高有关,Cu-Ni-(PGE)硫化物矿床的形成与还原性流体介质、结晶分异和地壳混染作用有关。     

四川平武稀有金属花岗岩与绿柱石的成矿属性

通过对四川平武稀有金属花岗岩体的岩石地球化学特征的研究，阐述该区花岗岩与绿柱石的成矿关系。研究表明：平武花岗岩体造岩矿物组合为石英、钠长石、钾长石和白云母；岩石化学成分铝过饱和、富钠、富碱性，稀土元素含量很低，富含Be,W,Sn,Li,Ta,Rb等稀有元素；属花岗岩浆高度分异演化晚期阶段的产物；由岩浆期后的云英岩化形成气成－热液型绿柱石宝石矿床。     

纳日贡玛含矿斑岩体形成机制及其成矿模式分析

通过系统研究纳日贡玛含矿斑岩体的地质、地球化学特征,深入剖析了含矿斑岩体的形成机制及其成矿模式。研究结果表明,纳日贡玛含矿斑岩体与藏东玉龙含矿斑岩体同属一个成矿带,是喜玛拉雅运动第一幕(40～35Ma)的产物。斑岩体主体部分是黑云母二长花岗斑岩,少部分为花岗闪长斑岩,围岩为中二叠世尕笛考组(P2gd)的玄武岩。含矿斑岩为同源岩浆经长期演化、多期侵位而形成的复式岩体,它们多沿区域性断裂呈串珠状断续分布。斑岩体的内外接触带以及各种裂隙是主要矿体的产出部位。岩体侵入后,由于热重力扩散作用和Cu、Mo元素化学性质的差异,导致成矿元素在空间分布上具有分带性,并且显示出下部富钼、上部富铜的分布特征。研究结果对于深入认识该区的成矿地质条件、成矿规律和指导下一步勘探均具有重要的参考价值。     

Re–Os and U–Pb Geochronology of Porphyry and Skarn Types Copper Deposits in Jilin Province,NE China

Jilin Province in NE China lies on the eastern edge of the Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt. Mineral exploration in this area has resulted in the discovery of numerous large, medium, and small sized Cu, Mo, Au, and Co deposits. To better understand the formation and distribution of both the porphyry and skarn types Cu deposits of the region, we examined the geological characteristics of the deposits and applied zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os isotope dating to constrain the age of the mineralization. The Binghugou Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for quartz diorite of 128.1 ± 1.6 Ma; the Chang'anpu Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granite porphyry of 117.0 ± 1.4 Ma; the Ermi Cu deposit yields a zircon U–Pb age for granite porphyry of 96.8 ± 1.1 Ma; the Tongshan Cu deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 128.7 to 130.2 Ma, an isochron age of 129.0 ± 1.6 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 129.2 ± 0.7 Ma; and the Tianhexing Cu deposit yields molybdenite Re–Os model ages of 113.9 to 115.2 Ma, an isochron age of 114.7 ± 1.2 Ma, and a weighted mean model age of 114.7 ± 0.7 Ma. The new ages, combined with existing geochronology data, show that intense porphyry and skarn types Cu mineralization was coeval with Cretaceous magmatism. The geotectonic processes responsible for the genesis of the Cu mineralization were probably related to lithospheric thinning. By analyzing the accumulated molybdenite Re–Os, zircon U–Pb, and Ar–Ar ages for NE China, it is concluded that the Cu deposits formed during multiple events coinciding with periods of magmatic activity. We have identified five phases of mineralization: early Paleozoic (~476 Ma), late Paleozoic (286.5–273.6 Ma), early Mesozoic (~228.7 Ma), Jurassic (194.8–137.1 Ma), and Cretaceous (131.2–96.8 Ma). Although Cu deposits formed during each phase, most of the Cu mineralization occurred during the Cretaceous.     

开心岭二叠纪地层中铁矿化沉积凝灰岩的发现及找矿意义

开心岭地区位于青藏高原腹地北羌塘构造区,在该地区二叠纪地层中新发现含砾晶屑岩屑铁矿化沉积凝灰岩,对该地层完整采样,并对采集的样品进行专门的实验测试分析。样品显微镜薄片鉴定,具玄武质岩屑,凝灰质岩屑,晶屑主要为石英和长石;化学分析结果TFe为13.80%;X射线衍射分析结果,赤铁矿6%,针铁矿17%,石英16%,斜长石47%,伊利石3%,方解石6%,闪石2%,绿泥石2%。光谱半定量检测分析结果,Ti为0.7%;电子探针检测分析结果,赤铁矿:形态为完整或不完整的几何体和沿其它矿物边部成封闭与局部的丝带,钛铁矿为相对规则的棒状,磷灰石为规则的六边形和已经磨圆的半圆形。激光拉曼光谱分析结果,针铁矿,含磁铁矿。对上述分析结果研究认为,二叠纪开心岭地区可能存在重要的岩浆喷发作用,原始岩浆含铁较高,这可能是该地区金属矿床的物质来源,下一步宜加强该地区的找矿工作。     

基于元素Mn、Co、Cd、Mo的海相沉积岩有机质 富集因素判别指标在四川盆地北缘的应用

基于金属元素Mn、Co、Cd、Mo的海洋富有机质沉积岩沉积环境和有机质富集主控因素判别指标Al—Co·Mn和Co·Mn—Cd/Mo,能够有效地区分促进有机碳埋藏的两种海洋端元沉积环境:大陆边缘开放/上升洋流环境和滞留的边缘海盆环境。利用这种方法研究了四川盆地北缘城口县月亮坪剖面五峰组和龙马溪组页岩沉积时期的水体环境和有机质富集的主控因素。研究表明五峰组Mn、Co富集程度低,Mo富集程度自下而上明显增大;龙马溪组Mn整体亏损,Co富集程度低,Mo富集程度自下而上明显减小。Al—Co·Mn方法的使用发现滞留环境主要出现在五峰组早期和龙马溪组晚期,以及观音桥段附近,而五峰组中晚期和龙马溪组早—中期水体主要处于开放/上升洋流区。剖面[w(Co)/(μg/g)]·[w(Mn)/(%)]值均小于平均页岩值1.615;五峰组Cd/Mo值整体大于正常海水值0.006,全部小于平均页岩值0.308,龙马溪组整体小于正常海水值。Co·Mn—Cd/Mo联合图版的使用发现月亮坪剖面五峰组和龙马溪组有机质富集主要受到保存条件控制,与使用U/Th、V/Cr、P/Ti、Ba/Al与TOC相关性分析得出的结论一致。基于金属元素Mn、Co、Cd、Mo的判别指标对于判断古生代大陆边缘地区富有机质页岩沉积环境及有机质富集主控因素有较好的效果。