ECONOMIC APPROACH FOR CONTROL AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN CHINA

1 IN T R O D U C T IO NM ostofthepastw aterm anagem enthasfocused on pointsource pollution,w ith less attention to nonpointsourcepollution.A fterpointsourcesofpollution have been al-ready heavily controlled, nonpoint source pollution(N PSP) has becom e th…     

Risk assessment of water soil erosion in upper basin of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing, China

This research selected water soil erosion indicators (land cover, vegetation cover, slope) to assess the risk of soil erosion, ARCMAP GIS ver.9.0 environments and ERDAS ver.9.0 were used to manage and process satellite images and thematic tabular data. Landsat TM images in 2003 were used to produce land/cover maps of the study area based on visual interpreting method and derived vegetation cover maps, and the relief map at the scale of 1:50,000 to calculate the slope gradient maps. The area of water soil erosion was classified into six grades by an integration of slope gradients, land cover types, and vegetation cover fraction. All the data were integrated into a cross-tabular format to carry out the grid-based analysis of soil erosion risk. Results showed that the upper basin of Miyun Reservoir, in general, is exposed to a moderate risk of soil erosion, there is 715,848 ha of land suffered from water soil erosion in 2003, occupied 46.62% of total area, and most of the soil erosion area is on the slight and moderate risk, occupied 45.60 and 47.58% of soil erosion area, respectively.     

流域土地可持续利用规划方法及应用研究

土地利用既受自然环境条件的种种制约,又对生态环境,尤其是水资源和水环境,产生深刻影响。因此,进行系统规划优化土地利用结构、协调土地利用和其他经济活动及生态环境保护的关系是非常必要的。基于土地利用系统是一个本征性灰色系统,本文以灰色多目标规划(GMOP)方法为核心,提出了一套流域土地利用灰色多目标规划模型。该方法既可有效地处理信息的不完备性和系统的动态性,又可全面地表达土地利用的多目标性。在对密云土地利用规划研究中,通过应用交互式调整和情景分析方法,得到该模型在两种情景下的优化方案,并结合密云实际情况综合分析,进行了方案筛选。     

密云水库及增雨汇水区白河入库段水质变化趋势

2005—2009年在密云水库及人工增雨汇水区白河入库河段开展了水质监测和分析。结果表明：两监测点pH值年平均值差异很小,并表现出春季最高,冬季最低,夏秋季相对较低的时间变化特征;水库pH值年变化下降趋势较白河明显;分析水库蓄水量及降水量对水库pH值变化影响,5—9月随着降水量增大减小,10月至次年4月随蓄水量变化呈负相关;降水量对pH值年变化影响比蓄水量明显。所测的化学组分含量（K除外）水库均低于白河,其中Ca浓度含量最高,其次是SO42-,碱金属（Ca、Mg、Na、K）总浓度远大于阴离子（SO42-、Cl-、NO3-、F-）;碱金属和阴离子月变化均是冬春季浓度值大于夏秋季,冬季值最高。水库阴离子年际变化趋势不明显,碱金属呈下降趋势。Ag年际变化呈上升态势,白河略高于水库。     

北京市密云水库上游土壤重金属污染调查评价

2002年9月在密云水库周边及上游地区(北京境内)总共采集土样98个,以《土壤环境质量标准》GB15168-95Ⅰ级标准为评价标准,对密云水库上游地区土壤重金属Cd、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的污染状况作了初步评价。研究结果发现密云水库周边及上游地区重金属污染以Cr和Hg为主,牤牛河上游为污染最严重地区,清水河上游、潮河下游放马峪地区、德田沟--崎峰茶地区受Cr元素轻度污染。该地区土壤重金属污染,主要原因是金属矿山不合理排放的尾砂及废矿石等人为因素所致。     

Study on the endogenous phosphorus load of sediments in Miyun reservoir

Based on the research into the physical-chemical properties and distribution of sediments and the characteristics of pore water in sediments of Miyun reservoir, the release flux of the total phosphorus (TP) from sediments is estimated by simulating deposit environment of reservoir bottom in laboratory. They are 0.018 mg·cm-2·d-1 and 0.821 mg·cm-2·d-1 at 2℃ and 8℃ respectively. The gross TP released in a year is 11.34t. As a contrast, the pore water diffusion simulation method is used to measure gross TP released and gains 11.56t. The two results are relatively close and prove that experiment simulation has some reliability. On the basis of experiments, some conclusions can be drawn: (1) Endogenous phosphorus from sediments accounts for 27.9 percent of the TP entering the reservoir, and it cannot be ignored; and (2) increasing temperature is helpful to TP releasing from sediments.     

土壤与养分流失综合监测方法在密云水库流域的应用

土壤与养分流失综合监测方法是根据通用流失方程的基本原理,在对我国中东部南北不同环境条件下大量周年实测数据的统计、分析基础上建立的适合我国南北地区的水土流失与面源污染一体化定量监测方法。本研究采用该方法对密云水库流域2001年度的土壤和氮素养分流失的空间分布,不同土地利用方式对土壤和氮素养分流失的影响,以及泥沙、养分的入库量进行了系统的监测,且利用水文站的实测数据对监测结果进行检验。结果显示,该监测方法对土壤和氮素流失监测的相对误差分别为2.75%~19.63%和-18.78%,监测效果较好。该监测方法具有技术先进、方便、实用、可更新性强和效果好的诸多特点,在我国现有相关资料积累条件下,适用范围较广。随着相关研究的进一步深入,该监测方法可通过改进满足更高时空监测需求,具有较好的应用前景。     

密云水库水体总磷的分布及其影响因素分析

鉴于磷为水体富营养化的主要因素之一,文章把密云水库水体分为表层(0～10m)、中层(10～20m)、底层(>20m)三层,用有限元法对密云水库水体总磷进行了分层的数值模拟,比较了三层水体总磷的分布状况,并分析了产生分布差异的原因。     

北京市密云水库北部地区土壤侵蚀情况的遥感调查

应用遥感技术,对密云水库北部地区的土壤侵蚀情况进行了调查与评价。在研究中,首先利用遥感图像进行判读,并进行实地验证,然后,根据影响土壤侵蚀的生态环境因子,建立数学评判模型,并对土壤侵蚀情况进行评判。     

密云水库水环境保护与库区社会经济可持续发展研究

通过对密云水库水环境现状及其与库区社会经济发展协调度的分析,得出密云水库部分水质指标出现超标且呈恶化倾向,水库水环境保护与库区社会经济可持续发展间存在着较大的矛盾。为缓和该矛盾促使水库水环境与库区社会经济可持续发展,提出了一些针对性措施。