A Multiple-Cell Flat-Level Model for Atmospheric Tracer Dispersion over Complex Terrain

A multiple-cell flat-level tracer dispersion model is developed for atmospheric pollution study. The horizontal domain may be constructed with multiple-sized cells for varied resolution. The sequence of cells is arbitrary, as in unstructured grids, as long as no holes are left in the horizontal domain, which may be tailored in shape according to local orography. The vertical levels are truly flat and the level spacing may vary from level to level. The surface orography is included by removing cells from the bottom of the three-dimensional cell block. The arrangement of wind velocity and tracer concentration is similar to the Arakawa C grid. Advection and horizontal diffusion are formulated on each cell face, using tracer concentrations in the two cells that share the cell face. Pointer-orientated numerical loops are used to facilitate the arbitrary horizontal cell arrangement and orographic variation of vertical levels. A second-order upstream upper limiter advection scheme is developed for this model and numerically tested to be positive-definite and mass conserving. Vertical diffusion is solved with an implicit scheme and simplified vertical diffusivity, which is parameterised as a function of the mixing layer depth. The model is fast, compact, easy to implement and highly portable. It is suitable for studies ofmesoscale and small-scale atmospheric tracer dispersion over complex terrain, including steep slopes. The model is used to simulate traffic pollution in London, UK, and is compared with available observations.     

Dissolved load of the Loire River: chemical and isotopic characterization

The Loire River, with one of the largest watersheds in France, has been monitored just outside the city of Orleans since 1994. Physico-chemical parameters and major and trace elements were measured between 2-day and 1-week intervals according to the river flow. The sampling site represents 34% of the total Loire watershed with 76% silicate rocks and 24% carbonate rocks.

Elements are transported mainly in the dissolved phase with the ratio of total dissolved salts (TDS) to suspended matter (SM) ranging between 1.6 and 17.4. Chemical weathering of rocks and soils are thus the dominant mechanisms in the Loire waters composition. The highest TDS/SM ratios are due to dissolved anthropogenic inputs. The database shows no link between NO₃⁻ content and river flow. The Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, and Cl⁻ concentrations are seen to decrease with increasing discharge, in agreement with a mixing process involving at least two components: the first component (during low flow) is concentrated and may be related with input from the groundwater and sewage station water, the second component (during high flow) is more dilute and is in agreement with bedrock weathering and rainwater inputs. A geochemical behaviour pattern is also observed for HCO₃⁻ and Ca²⁺ species, their concentrations increase with increasing discharge up to 300 m³/s, after which, they decrease with increasing discharge. The Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load is controlled by at least five components — a series of natural components represented by (a) waters draining the silicate and carbonate bedrock, (b) groundwater, and (c) rainwaters, and two kinds of anthropogenic components.

The aim of this study is to describe the mixing model in order to estimate the contribution of each component. Finally, specific export rates in the upper Loire watershed were evaluated close to 12 t year⁻¹ km⁻² for the silicate rate and 47 t year⁻¹ km⁻² for the carbonate rate.     

临沧花岗岩基中段花岗闪长岩类研究

临沧花岗岩基中段花岗闪长岩类属残留岩基，岩石学特征与临沧花岗岩基其它花岗岩明显不同。地球化学特征与二长花岗岩类相近，两类花岗岩之稀土特征与大勐龙岩群(Pt2d．)基本一致。加之花岗闪长岩类中含镁铁质微粒包体(MME)，认为花岗闪长岩类存在岩浆混合作用，岩浆向上运移过程中未发生同化混染和分离结晶作用。结合同位素测年结果及其它地质事件，确定是在二叠纪侵位于活动陆缘，是区内古特提斯洋向东俯冲消减作用的产物。     

地中海涡旋的垂向结构与物理性质

本文利用地震海洋学新的反演结果,对地中海涡旋的温度、密度、声速以及波阻抗等物理性质进行了详细的分析与讨论,特别对地中海涡旋的一些细结构、混合过程进行了相关描述.研究分析取得以下认识:(1)涡旋具有涡旋核心水与涡旋混合水双层结构,这种结构特征可以在温度图、声速图和波阻抗图中识别出来;(2)涡旋核心水并不是均匀的稳定结构,内部有微弱的混合作用;(3)在涡旋上部以及周围边缘区域,海水的混合比较复杂;在涡旋下部边缘区域,除了有小尺度的盐指混合,内波也是非常重要的动力混合作用;(4)海水密度在涡旋核心水的分布比较稳定,成层性较强,在混合水区域由于不同的混合作用及其强烈程度不同,会发生波动甚至反转;(5)涡旋本身并不是一个严格对称的结构,涡旋与背景海水的上部以及周围边界比较模糊和复杂,而涡旋下部边界则比较明显.地震海洋学反演提供的涡旋物理性质数据能够为涡旋进一步的研究提供更为准确、更高精度以及更高分辨率的参考数据,同时对涡旋的运动学以及动力学研究提供了更进一步的研究方法和研究方向.     

冲填软土地基深层加固的优化方案分析

冲填软土地基需要经过地基处理后才能投入工程使用,处理方案一般为浅层地基处理如真空预压处理,但对于大面积大荷载堆载场地,浅层地基处理不足以保证地基稳定性,需进一步做深层地基加固。本文针对广州某造船基地大面积堆载场地,对经真空预压处理后的该类深厚冲填软土地基提出了搅拌桩地基、微型桩地基以及搅拌桩微型桩交错布设地基加固方案,并基于Biot固结理论和有效应力原理,采用有限元分析软件PLAXIS进行数值模拟,对土体选取基于修正剑桥模型的软土模型和Mohr-Coulomb模型,对搅拌桩和微型桩依次选取线弹性模型和弹性模型,计算得到不同加固方案的基础沉降量。基于不同桩型加固机理对计算结果进行进一步分析得出,对此类深厚冲填软土地基,相同桩长的搅拌桩地基加固效果较微型桩效果更明显; 另通过对不同桩长搅拌桩地基加固效果的模拟计算,发现桩长为10m到15m的搅拌桩均能有效加固地基,但随着桩长的增加,加固效果未能显著提高。本研究为冲填软土地基深层加固的设计提供了一定的依据。