Deadly oasis:Recurrent annihilation of Cretaceous desert bryophyte colonies;the role of solar,climate and lithospheric forcing

Many oases(wet interdunes)are sedimentary systems characterized by high-frequency water-level oscillations,marked changes in salinity and intense biological activity at their margins.They are considered to be one of the most challenging environments on Earth for ecosystem development.These dynamic,depositional settings are usually unfavourable for fossilization and subsequent preservation of vegetal remains.This paper describes bryophyte(liverwort)assemblages occurring in three successive horizons interpreted to represent(i)recurrent early successional phases of biological soil crust colonization of wet interdune margins or(ii)exceptional preservation of floating or riparian liverworts in oasis pond waters associated with a progressive fall of the interdune water level.The record of in situ colonization surfaces characterized by delicate(e.g.lignin-free)three-dimensional structures represents an exceptional type of preservation herein associated with a rapid variation in phreatic interdune water level and the subsequent establishment of anoxic and reducing conditions.The occurrence of exceptionally preserved liverwort colonies coincides with the sedimentary record of,at least,three seismite levels in the oasis.Data gathered from the site suggests that the water table of the oasis was controlled by a combination of(i)a positive creation of accommodation space due to subsidence associated with movement on syn-sedimentary extensional faults,and(ii)the rise and fall of the oasis water table controlled by the oscillations of the groundwater system due to orbital changes which appear to drive the variability of the climate system.Rising groundwater levels flooded the oasis soil crusts and lead to the exceptional recurrent preservation of liverwort colonies at the oasis margins.Alternatively,considering the hypothesis of floating or riparian liverworts in the oasis pond waters,the fall in the level of the oasis water table placed the floating liverworts in contact with the oasis bottom sediments.This fall in the level of the oasis water table could indicate a cessation of accommodation space by syn-sedimentary extensional faults and/or a regional lowering of the groundwater system level associated with drought periods.Preliminary results indicate that oasis lamination between liverwort colonies records decadal and sub-decadal cyclicity,related with 11-year Schwabe sunspot and sub-decadal NAO cyclicities,conferring for every sedimentary cycle between liverwort colonies a duration of approximately 200 years,that otherwise matches the expected recurrence period for the De Vries cycle of solar activity.     

Catchment scale spatial variability of soil salt content in agricultural oasis,Northwest China

Soil salinization is a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, estimating spatial variability of soil salinity plays an important role in environmental sciences. Aiming at the problem of soil salinization inside an oasis, a case study was carried out at the Sangong River catchment in Xinjiang province, northwest China. Methods of classical statistics, geostatistics, remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) were applied to estimate the spatial variability of soil salt content in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and its relationship with landscape structure at catchment scale. The objective of this study was to provide a scientific basis to understand the heterogeneous of spatial distribution of soil salt content at a large scale. The results revealed that (1) elevation of landform was a key factor for soil salt content’s spatial variability, and soil salt content had a strong spatial autocorrelation, which was mainly induced by structural factors. (2) Mapping of soil salt content by Kriging and comparing it with landscape maps showed that area of soil salinization in old oasis was smaller than that in new oasis, and degree of soil salinization in old oasis was also lower than that in the new one. Among all landscapes, cropland was mostly affected by salinity, with 38.8% of the cropland in new oasis moderately affected by soil salinity, and 8.54% in old oasis.     

联合机载PLMR微波辐射计和MODIS产品反演黑河中游张掖绿洲土壤水分研究

土壤水分是气候、水文学研究中的重要变量,微波遥感是获取区域地表土壤水分的重要手段,而L波段更是微波土壤水分反演的最优波段。依托HiWATER黑河中游绿洲试验区的地面观测及机载PLMR微波辐射计亮温数据,利用微波辐射传输模型L-MEB,并将MODIS地表温度产品(MOD11A1)和叶面积指数产品(MYD15A2)作为模型及反演中的先验辅助信息,借助LM优化算法,通过PLMR双极化多角度的亮温观测,针对土壤水分、植被含水量(VWC)和地表粗糙度这3个主要参数,分别进行土壤水分单参数反演、土壤水分与VWC或粗糙度的双参数反演以及这3个参数的同时反演。通过对不同反演方法的比较可以得出结论,多源辅助数据及PLMR双极化、多角度信息的应用可以显著降低反演的不确定性,提高土壤水分反演精度。证明在合理的模型参数和反演策略下,SMOS的L-MEB模型和产品算法可以达到0.04 cm3/cm3的反演精度,另外无线传感器网络可以在遥感产品真实性检验中起到重要作用。     

使用LANDSAT-5 TM数据反演金塔地表温度

使用Landsat-5 TM的热红外波段资料用Weng等、Qin等及Jimenez Mufioz等三种不同的方法对金塔地区地表温度进行反演,并将反演得到的结果与实测进行比较。结果表明．三种办法均能较好地反演出金塔绿洲地表温度的分布状况．其中,Weng等及Qin等的反演方法反演的结果较好,绝对误差均〈1.9℃;而Jimenez Mufioz等的方法反演的结果较差。     

稀疏植被下垫面与大气相互作用研究进展

介绍了国家自然科学基金委员会“十五”重点项目“稀疏植被下垫面与大气相互作用研究”的成果。通过资料分析、数值试验和理论分析。研究干旱地区稀疏植被复杂下垫面上水、热及CO2输运过程的机理;非均匀下垫面的复杂非线性线效应：干旱地区更合理的陆面过程参数化方案以及绿洲的稳定性;强沙尘暴的发展机制和干旱地区生态环境建设对策,主要结果表明：（1）揭示了植物生态生理过程、净第一生产力和生物量对气候的敏感性,为稀疏植被下垫面与大气相互作用研究提供了较好的接口。（2）发展了适用于干旱、半干旱地区土壤中水热输送交叉耦合的物理模型;以能量和物质守恒定律为基础的雪盖物理模型,它显著地改善了陆面过程的模拟效果,是国际上最早开发的同类模型之一。（3）发展了大气非平衡态热力学,证明了非线性区普遍成立的最小熵产生原理,为研究气候和环境复杂系统提供了新思路和新方法;提示了大气辐散和辐合运动对垂直湍流输送的影响,非均匀下垫面地气相互作用,为非均匀下垫面陆面过程参数化提供了物理基础;研究了绿洲稳定性并估算了绿洲临界尺度约3～6km,为绿洲保护和建设提供了理论依据;提出了干旱地区有限水资源条件下增强其稳定性抗干扰能力的生态环境建设对策。（4）发展了强沙尘暴发展的动力学模式,揭示了强沙尘暴发展辐射冷却的正反馈机制。展示了强沙尘暴预报的良好前景。     

非均匀下垫面局地气候效应的数值模拟

使用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM 5V3,模拟了黑河地区非均匀下垫面局地小气候效应 ,再现了山谷风环流及夏季“绿洲效应”、沙漠上的“逆湿”和由于地表热力分布不均匀引起的绿洲—沙漠垂直环流等绿洲—沙漠相互作用的典型特征 ,较全面地揭示了非均匀地表大气边界层内的风、温、湿度场与陆面相互作用的物理机理 ,验证了野外实验的结果     

黑河下游绿洲近地层湍流输送特征研究

分析2003年9月5-27日在黑河下游额济纳绿洲取得的近地面层湍流观测资料,讨论无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数Z/L的关系.无量纲风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*在不稳定层结与稳定度Z/L满足1/3次方时,符合Monin-Obkuhov相似理论.在近中性时,σu/u*、σw/u*值比平坦下垫面的略小些,σv/u*值比平坦下垫面的略大.无量纲温度脉动方差和湿度脉动方差在对流状态下与Z/L满足-1/3次方,在稳定和不稳定层结下,随|Z/L|减小而增大.地面热量以感热输送为主,感热通量峰值约为250 W/m2,潜热通量的峰值为170 W/m2;夜间潜热通量较小,感热通量则出现负值.动量通量日间平均在0.2-0.3 N/m2,峰值为0.31 N/m2.黑河下游绿洲柽柳林动力学粗糙度比HEIFE戈壁及其他绿洲下垫面的大,中性时z0m=0.47551 m.中性状态下动量整体输送系数CD=22.2×10-3,不稳定层结时平均值CD=10.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值CD=7.2 × 10-3.热量整体输送系数CH,中性状态下CH=3.2 × 10-3,不稳定层结时平均值为CH=3.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值为CH=2.7×10-3.     

民勤一次沙尘暴的观测分析

给出了2004年5月23~24日民勤站爆发沙尘暴前后以及沙尘暴内部的温度、比湿和风速垂直廓线,分析了沙尘暴发生前后及沙尘暴期间高空气象要素的演变特征,同时对大气的热力、动力稳定度参数进行了计算和分析。结果表明:沙尘暴来临前边界层内具有深厚的混合层,大气层结处于不稳定状态,温、湿结构及风的垂直分布有利于沙尘暴的发生、发展;沙尘暴发生期,出现了稳定与不稳定层相间的情形,对流减弱,抑制了沙尘暴的发展;沙尘暴天气结束后中低层大气湿度增加显著;沙尘暴的强度与相对风暴螺旋度具有良好的对应关系。     

民勤干旱区冬季浓雾形成的边界层条件分析

利用民勤县气象站过程地面小时观测资料、逐日08时和20时每隔50 m探空资料和NECP再分析资料,对2015年11月9—13日出现在干旱区民勤县的一次罕见浓雾天气过程进行了研究分析。结果表明:前期降水后地面相对湿度增大,为大雾形成提供了必要的水汽条件,稳定的高低层环流配置提供了大雾形成的稳定层结和弱风条件。雾层的厚度和强度与近地面逆温层的强度和厚度、边界层高度、水汽垂直运动以及夜间地气温差绝对值密切相关,边界层高度越高,逆温层越厚,雾层越厚;逆温层越强,夜间地气温差绝对值越小,雾层越强。高空环流形势稳定少动,近地层强逆温层、稳定等温层以及饱和湿层长时间维持,导致此次大雾强度和持续时间异常罕见。