基于杭州偏晚终雪记录的南宋（1131-1270年）气候再推断

本文整理、考订了南宋时期杭州偏晚终雪记录,诊断了此类资料的气候指示意义,进行了各年代不同数量终雪日期值至对应年代平均终雪日期值的转换,进而分析了重建序列所指示的温度变化特征与其他文献证据、气候变化重建结果之间的一致性。结果表明：① 史料记述的杭州偏晚终雪现象系以惊蛰以后为标准,且不包括霰和冰粒类微量降雪类型,其有着明确的气候指示意义（-0.34 oC/10d,R² = 0.37,P<0.001）,可有效用于温度重建。② 基于非线性的波尔兹曼函数,以不同样本量偏晚终雪日期值可有效估算10年平均终雪日期,其外推结果较之线性函数和二项式函数具有更小的不确定性。③ 南宋时期杭州春季的平均温暖程度大致相当于1951-1980年,该时期在百年尺度上可划分为1131-1170年的寒冷期和1171-1270年的温暖期。其中,后一阶段有1181-1200年和1221-1240年两个亚冷期。④ 南宋时期杭州10年平均终雪日期的变化与中国其他地区温度变化的代用证据和重建结果具有较好的一致性,并与太平洋十年涛动的冷暖位相变化比较吻合,这可能说明了中世纪暖期太平洋十年涛动对中国大部分地区气候所具有的共同影响。本文为更深入认识12-13世纪中国东部季风区的气候变化特征提供了新的证据。     

清代科尔沁农耕北界的变迁

根据清代对蒙政策及其对蒙施土地垦殖的影响，结合当时科尔沁建置的时空特征，恢复了清代科尔沁土地垦殖典型时期的农耕北界，发现：清代科尔沁农耕北界具有两次显著的北跃，其中，农垦的第一次扩展是在18世纪末到20世纪初的“请旨招垦”时期，导致农耕北界从清代初期的“柳条边墙”北上至今长春-四平-昌图以及敖汉、翁牛特旗南部，哲里木盟东南部、卓索图盟大部以及昭乌达盟南部变成农牧并以逐为主的交错区，农耕的第二次发展是在清末时期，农垦推到洮儿河下游及西辽河两岸地区，此时的农耕北界北起黑龙江大庆县，经白城西、通辽北、开鲁县到林西县，今吉林省西部、辽宁省北部以及西辽河沿岸地带发展成为以农为主的农牧交错区，事实证明：清朝对蒙政策及其变化是导致科尔沁农耕北界跃变的主要驱动因子之一，是科尔沁农牧交错区形成的重要人文条件。     

明代中国人环球测绘《坤舆万国全图》——兼论《坤舆万国全图》的作者不是利玛窦

通过对详细的地理地名考析,结论是《坤舆万国全图》并非意大利传教士利玛窦根据欧洲世界地图翻译绘制,该地图的地理测绘不是1602年完成,而是1430年左右,即郑和第六次大航海之后。该地图的欧洲部分是1400年以前的地理,中国部分为1430年左右,部分美洲却是1800年以后欧洲人才知道的,与西方公认的地理大发现历史严重冲突。卫匡国的《中国新地图集》不可能是他在中国9年内完成,证明经纬度、球形投影等技术是明代中国人发明的地图绘制技术,不是"西学东渐"。此外,其他明代文化文物在美洲遗存等旁证有力支持地图论据,证明明代中国人比哥伦布先抵美洲,《坤舆万国全图》是中国文献,用现代地图学技术测绘,明代中国人是15世纪世界地理大发现和现代地图学的真正先驱。     

闽江口溶解态镉、铜、铅的行为及其与营养盐的关系

研究了１９９０年６月和１０月闽江口溶解态镉、铜、铅的行为及其与营养盐的关系。结果表明，在６月和１０月镉呈添加行为，铜呈保守行为，而铅呈除去行为、镉的添加主要源自浮游生物碎屑的再矿化作用，而铅的去除受非生物无机过程控制。     

Extreme climate events,migration for cultivation and policies:A case study in the early Qing Dynasty of China

Based on the historical records of the annual increase in the workforce (men older than 16 years of age), the annual new taxed cropland in the Shengjing area (Northeast China), the extreme climate events in North China, and related management policies in Northeast China during 1661―1680, a case study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between the extreme climate events in North China and the migration to Northeast China for cultivation. This study has found that the migration to Northeast China for cultivation from 1661 to 1680 was a response to the drought events that occurred in North China. The upsurge of migration, which occurred in 1665―1680, was a response to the drought period during 1664―1680 in North China while the fewer disasters period in Northeast China. There were three migratory peaks during the upsurge of migration, which corresponded to the three drought events. The peaks of migration, however, often lagged behind the drought events about 1―2 years. The encourag-ing-migration policy, which was adopted to encourage cultivation in Northeast China, did not produce much migration into the region in the early Qing Dynasty. It did, however, provide a policy background, which ensured more than 10000 migrants per year to Northeast China when North China suffered from drought/flood disasters. As a response to the highest peak of migration induced by the severe droughts in North China during 1664―1667, a prohibiting-migration policy restricted further migration to Northeast China was carried out in 1668. Although the prohibiting-migration policy could not entirely stop the migrants fleeing from famine in North China to Northeast China, the migrants and cultivation were significantly reduced under the policy. The frequent changes of the policy on the years when taxation started after the land was cultivated were also related to climate events. The extreme climate events in North China, migration to Northeast China for cultivation, and the related management poli-cies showed an impact-response chain, which reflected the interaction among extreme climate events, human behavior, and policies.     

安徽阜南台家寺遗址出土龟甲的C、N稳定同位素分析

本研究以阜南台家寺遗址出土的商代龟甲及部分动物骨骼为材料,开展了C、N稳定同位素分析,在揭示动物食物结构的基础上初步探讨了先民对龟的使用及龟的来源问题。研究结果显示：龟甲的同位素数据相互之间差异较大,通过聚类分析大致可分为三类：第一类是高δ13C和高δ15N值（δ13C=-20.3 ‰ ±0.4 ‰,n=3;δ15N=7.8 ‰ ±0.2 ‰,n=3）;第二类是δ13C值居中,δ15N值偏低（δ13C=-21.6 ‰ ±0.4 ‰,n=4;δ15N=7.0 ‰ ±0.3 ‰,n=4）;第三类是δ13C值偏低、δ15N值居中（δ13C=-23.7 ‰ ±0.6 ‰,n=4;δ15N=7.6 ‰ ±0.3 ‰,n=4）,这意味着该遗址出土的龟甲可能存在多种来源。究其原因,可能缘于先民制作卜甲时使用的龟来源于不同的栖息环境,抑或来源于不同种属的龟。这种用龟行为,或许与殷墟甲骨上记载的"贡龟"密切相关。尽管本研究通过稳定同位素分析揭示商代先民的用龟行为尚属初步,但毋庸置疑,本研究为全面探索商代先民的用龟行为、拓展甲骨学的研究领域提供了新的研究证据和视角。     

唐代试赋之“以题为韵”与“以题中字为韵”考述

"以题为韵"和"以题中字为韵"是试赋中的两种限韵类型,二者具有相通性。在以整题为韵类中,作者首先要将题目"字字叶之",同时还可以旁涉其他韵部。与其他试赋韵类相比,"以题为韵"和"以题中字为韵"介于宽严之间,但在注解题目方面,"以题为韵"和"以题中字为韵"就表现出了明显的不足。     

清代大地测量兴衰研究

清代前期大地测量曾得到空前的发展,这是因为当时大地测量学在欧洲的发展和当局重视引进测绘人才和技术;但后来逐渐衰落,究其衰亡之根源:腐朽的政治制度是其根,不重视哲学、科学教育的落后的教育方式是其源。     

Relationship between social stability and climate change in the Tang Dynasty

This paper quantitatively divides the Tang Dynasty into five prosperous and chaotic social periods,and discusses the relationship between the social division and climate change. The criteria for determining prosperity and chaos is refered to a set of systematic war data. In order to verify the reasonableness of the division,we applied 1-way-ANOVA to test the differences of each variable index between prosperity and chaos periods. The results of social division are as follows: from AD 618 to AD 626,and from AD 743 to AD 784,as well as from AD 860 to AD 907 were the chaotic periods;while from AD 627 to A0 742,and from AD 785 to AD 859 were the prosperous periods. The results of 1-way-ANOVA show that,climate change,general wars,rebellions,offensive border wars,defensive border wars,agricultural harvests,and population growth rates are all significantly different between prosperity and chaos,except the general external wars. War data were used to quantitatively represent the social changes in the Tang Dynasty. In chaotic periods,the main types of wars are rebellions and defensive border wars,while the main type of wars in prosperous periods are offensive border wars. To explore the relationship between climate change and social division means to make clear the relationship between climate change and wars. The results of correlation analysis show the decrease of agricultural harvest due to lower temperature and less precipitation leads to the shortage of resources supply,so that the likelihood of rebellions increase;while during the warm periods with abundant rainfall,increasing agricultural harvest stimulates rapid population growth. Due to the limitations of technology and land resources,offensive border wars for expansion are more likely to occur.     

清代北京城市郊区行政界线探索

城市郊区是行政上隶属于城市的城市外围地区,是兼有城市和田园双重职能与景观特色的过渡地带,是城市的重要组成部分;又是城市发展到一定历史阶段的产物,在城市发展史上占有重要地位。北京城市郊区清代称为城属,其行政边界划定于雍正中。但这条行政界线的具体走向却长期存在歧异认识,实有必要予以考察。为此,本文系统考察了清代北京城市城属行政边界的大体走向,进而阐述了清雍正中勘定京师城属外部行政边界的意义。