用专家系统技术确定地图要素的地图符号类型

地图要素与地图符号类型之间的关系长期被人们忽略。但它确是专题地图设计专家系统中不可缺少的重要环节,是地图符号设计的基础。本文给出了地图要素类型和地图符号类型的定义,详细阐述了两者之间的关系;作者用Turbo Prolog2.0语言在COMPAQ 386微机上建立的地图要素的地图符号类型确定专家系统模块,可以对一幅地图上各种类型的地图要素确定其地图符号类型,为下一步具体的符号设计工作打下了良好的基础。     

A swallow-tail type catastrophic model of earthquake process

（殷有泉）（杜静）Ａｓｗａｌｌｏｗ－ｔａｉｌｔｙｐｅｃａｔａｓｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ￥Ｙｏｕ－ＱｕａｎＹＩＮａｎｄＪｉｎｇＤＵ（ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｄｙ，Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１００８７１，Ｃｈｉｎａ）（Ｎｏｒｔ...     

Aggregate resources: Production and environmental constraints

Aggregates are produced from sand and gravel deposits or from bedrock sources. Production sites are numerous to minimize transport and are more and more in a competing land use position. Urbanization, while creating a market, also sterilizes deposits and pressures producers to relocate further from populated areas. Regulating and permitting quarries is an issue in regions with growing populations. This regulatory environment may cause exploitation schemes to evolve towards greater recycling, importing, and marine production, for example. These changes may be entirely attributable to increased environmental constraints on producing operations and not on conventional mining constraints such as overburden, ore grade, and costs of operation.     

从第55届EAEG年会看勘探地球物理发展方向

本文根据笔者在第５５届ＥＡＥＧ会议期间了解到的情况，对勘探地球物理在石油能源、固体矿产、水文地质、工程地质和环境地质等领域的进展作了综述，指出了今后的重点研究课题和发展方向。     

露头层序地层研究中的几个基本问题

以豫西中－新元古界为例，探讨目前露头层序地层学研究中存在的几个重要的问题。认为地层堆积类型转换面及沉积相序向上突然变浅的间断面是层序界面的间接标志。深切谷并非存在于所有的Ｉ类层序界面，其产生与否主要取决于河流均衡剖面的坡度与暴露和海底地形的坡度差。此外，在露头研究中，副层序应该以沉积相序的演变及海泛面作为划分和鉴别的主要标志。     

Numerical Modeling of the Ston-Slano (Croatia) Aftershock Sequence

The rate of aftershock occurrence after the M6 Ston-Slano (Croatia) earthquake is modeled as the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS). Increase of the modeled cumulative number of aftershocks with time was fitted to observations by the least-squares criterion using the combined grid-search and Monte-Carlo approach. This enabled not only the estimation of the most probable ETAS parameters, but also the determination of their confidence limits, as well as the estimation of the bias between them. It has been found that the bias is significant for some of the parameter pairs, regardless of the threshold magnitude assumed. Residual analyses revealed that all strong aftershocks (M _L 4.5) occurred during the periods of normal to high aftershock activity. There were two periods of quiescence in the sequence, both of which were followed by a strong aftershock.     

把握新机遇实现新发展为实现我局"十五"改革发展目标任务而努力奋斗

这次会议是进入新世纪我局第一次工作会议,是一次总结过去,谋划未来的重要会议,开好这次会议对我局在新世纪实现新发展有着十分重要的意义.会议的主要内容是认真学习温家宝副总理的重要讲话精神,总结回顾"九五"地矿工作改革发展的基本情况,讨论修改我局"十五"改革发展纲要、"十五"前三年经济责任制考核办法和精神文明建设考核办法,安排部署2001年工作.下面我代表局党组作工作报告.     

澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点

摘要：采用样方调查方法获得94个草地群落样方,对澜沧江上游德钦县亚高山、高山草地群落类型及其特点进行了初步分析。结果表明,该县亚高山、高山草地群落类型存在20个类型。在放牧干扰下,大多数群落类型处于退化状态,相互之间存在明显的群落替代关系;调查发现群落中每平方米内平均含8种草本植物,平均盖度62．4％,地上平均生物量是4859kg／hm^2,平均可食率为61．5％;鸢尾群落、牛旁群落和小狼毒群落是草地严重退化后形成的典型有毒害群落类型;长期的高强度放牧虽然增加了群落类型多样性,但减少了群落内物种多样性。总体而言,长期的放牧干扰降低了德钦草地的生物多样性的质量及其生态服务功能,导致草地生态系统的非持续发展。     

Comparison of lightning activity and radar-retrieved microphysical properties in EULINOX storms

A combined analysis of microphysical thunderstorm properties derived by C-band polarimetric Doppler radar measurements and lightning observations from two ground-based systems are presented. Three types of storms, a multicell, a supercell, and a squall line, that were observed during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) are investigated. Correlations are sought between the mass of rain, graupel, hail, and snow derived form radar observations at different height levels and the electrical activity, represented either by cloud-to-ground or intracloud flashes. These relationships are explained by connecting the radar-derived properties with the non-inductive charging process. For the multicell and the supercell storm, the lightning activity can be linearly correlated to both the hydrometeor total mass and class specific mass in the upper part of the storm. It is shown that the fractions of graupel and hail above the −20 °C-level in these storms positively correlate with the intracloud flash activity in the supercell, and negatively for the cloud-to-ground lightning frequency in the multicell. No such relation can be established for the squall line, indicating that the convective organization plays a crucial role in the lightning development. The analysis of the masses in the different storms shows that lightning activity cannot be parameterized by total mass alone, other parameters have to be identified. The results provide important information for all lightning studies that rely on bulk properties of thunderstorms, e.g., the parameterization of lightning in mesoscale models or the nowcasting of lightning by radar.     

BSZ-2型数字钟的检修方法

BSZ-2型数字钟目前仍应用于模拟地震观测中。本文介绍了该钟的工作原理，并对检修过程中常见问题进行了分析总结。