北斗新一代试验星观测数据质量分析

5颗北斗新一代试验星搭载了包括B1C、B2a和B2b的诸多新体制民用信号,并且为了与北斗区域系统平稳过渡而搭载了B1I和B3I两个旧体制信号。采集了来自国内的6个监测站7 d的试验星观测数据,针对信号载噪比和码伪距多路径偏差分析了新一代试验星观测数据质量。结果表明,新一代试验星信号的各项指标整体较北斗区域系统卫星更好。前者载噪比较高,虽然仍发现了部分测站数据微小的多路径波动,但通过实时相位平滑伪距的方法可以很好地消除之;新一代试验星上B3I与B1I频点的载噪比最大,B2a和B2b次之,B1C的载噪比最小,且不同测站的观测结果存在明显差异;新一代试验星各频点的MP基本相同,但B2a、B2b和B3I频点MP的RMS明显小于B1I和B1C频点的结果。     

基于高分一号卫星的江西樟树市地质灾害评价

运用高分一号卫星进行江西樟树市地质灾害评价对于科学防治地质灾害,提高国产卫星应用水平具有重要意义。本文通过正射校正、影像融合、几何校正等步骤对高分一号影像进行预处理,然后对处理后的影像进行地质灾害解译,获取樟树市地质灾害分布情况。在进行地质灾害评价过程中采用小流域评价单元,选取灾害点密度、地表水文、构造断裂带、工程活动、岩土类型、地形坡度等6个评价因子,并运用层次分析法确定因子权重,通过加权平均法最终获得樟树市地质灾害易发性综合评价图,其精度为78%。结果表明樟树市易发生地质灾害的地区占全市总面积的34.68%,易发程度最高的地区主要分布在东南部,占全市总面积的7.82%。     

森林资源监测中GF-2卫星影像波段配准误差分析

通过对GF-2卫星影像正射校正及波段模拟配准误差试验,分析GF-2卫星正射校正方法的选择以及不同配准误差下对GF-2卫星影像自动分类结果的影响;最后介绍GF-2遥感影像在森林资源监测应用中的初步测试。研究结果表明:正射校正时,当校正精度要求控制在RMS2时,控制点数量选择范围在85~95间较为合理,且控制点数在90个时,RMS值最小;经有理函数模型与卫片模型比较后,卫片模型校正精度较高;以目视判读为主时,实践中建议使用三次卷积重采样法输出结果最好;波段模拟配准误差试验中,配准误差与各地类面积变化间存在显著的线性关系;对于森林面积监测时,配准误差应小于0.3个像元。此研究可为新型国产卫星数据在森林资源监测中的应用提供参考。     

天地图野外数据采集系统设计与实现

针对传统的地质灾害危险性评估野外调查效率不高和采集数据的正确性较低的问题,提出采用天地图API(Android版)提供的地理信息服务接口、结合Android开发和SQLite数据库技术构建地质灾害危险性评估野外数据采集系统。采用天地图提供的数据服务,解决纸质地图比例尺固定和幅面大小限制的问题,实现野外底图不同级别缩放和无限制的底图范围;基于天地图的功能服务,实现实时定位、经济合理的线路规划以及调查点的分布;采用规范化的电子记录模式,解决室外纸质记录的随意性、室内入库的效率和准确性问题,实现数据的采集与编辑。应用测试表明,有效提高了评估工作效率和质量。     

INTEGRATED RISK ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR METEOROLOGICAL DISASTERS WITH PAPRIKA PEPPER IN HAINAN PROVINCE

Paprika pepper, as one of the main vegetable crops, is originated in the tropics and now widely planted in the world for its dietary therapy and medicinal functions. For its typical physiological properties referring to low tolerances to flood, drought and cold, paprika pepper often suffers from one or several disasters during its growing period, especially under tropical climate. Paprika pepper in Hainan, as a typical region of tropical climate in China, sustains flood, chilling and drought disaster risks induced by varied weather systems. This study was to develop and employ appropriate indices to assess hazard, sensitivity, vulnerability and prevention capability for major disasters during paprika pepper growth period, using long-term meteorological data from 1998 to 2011, actual disasters record from 1999 to 2011, production and socioeconomic statistics from 2002 to 2011 at 18 weather stations. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy method, the combined weight was given to each disaster factor, thus an integrated disaster risk assessment model was developed and applied at regional level. High flood hazard mainly occurred in eastern Hainan, high chilling hazard in north and central mountain areas, and high drought hazard in the western part of Hainan. Drought and chilling sensitivity had a similar spatial distribution which decreased from central to coastal regions while flood sensitivity was the opposite. High vulnerability of the disasters mainly occurred in central regions, similar to low prevention capability. Eastern Hainan suffered from high integrated damage risk. The predicted damage occurrence showed a good agreement with the occurrence of actual disasters. We concluded that an integrated damage risk assessment model could provide a new tool to assess major meteorological disasters and help farmers and policy makers to alleviate the risks of major meteorological disasters for paprika pepper, which seems also suitable for other crops.     

The marker quantification of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2: A middle-of-the-road scenario for the 21st century

Studies of global environmental change make extensive use of scenarios to explore how the future can evolve under a consistent set of assumptions. The recently developed Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) create a framework for the study of climate-related scenario outcomes. Their five narratives span a wide range of worlds that vary in their challenges for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Here we provide background on the quantification that has been selected to serve as the reference, or ‘marker’, implementation for SSP2. The SSP2 narrative describes a middle-of-the-road development in the mitigation and adaptation challenges space. We explain how the narrative has been translated into quantitative assumptions in the IIASA Integrated Assessment Modelling Framework. We show that our SSP2 marker implementation occupies a central position for key metrics along the mitigation and adaptation challenge dimensions. For many dimensions the SSP2 marker implementation also reflects an extension of the historical experience, particularly in terms of carbon and energy intensity improvements in its baseline. This leads to a steady emissions increase over the 21st century, with projected end-of-century warming nearing 4 °C relative to preindustrial levels. On the other hand, SSP2 also shows that global-mean temperature increase can be limited to below 2 °C, pending stringent climate policies throughout the world. The added value of the SSP2 marker implementation for the wider scientific community is that it can serve as a starting point to further explore integrated solutions for achieving multiple societal objectives in light of the climate adaptation and mitigation challenges that society could face over the 21st century.     

北京地区静稳天气综合指数的初步构建及其在环境气象中的应用

静稳天气与大气重污染的发生有紧密联系,为定量描述大气的静稳程度,文章研发了静稳天气综合指数。结合统计和预报经验,挑选发生大气污染的气象要素及其阈值条件,通过权重求和得到初步构建静稳天气指数(SWI)。此后,基于近13年的气象数据,分段统计各气象要素不同区间内雾-霾天气出现概率相对气候态的倍数作为分指数,根据分指数最大值和最小值的比值排序,得到10个对静稳天气具有较强指示意义的气象要素,对这10个要素的分指数求和得到静稳天气指数。改进后的指数和PM_(2.5)浓度有更好的相关性。以2015年1月一次重污染过程为例,分析不同阶段SWI和AQI指数的变化,两者具有较好的一致性,均表现出发展阶段稳定增长,消散阶段迅速降低的特征。应用静稳天气指数评估发现,APEC减排期间京津冀地区大气静稳程度和减排之前相当,但污染持续时间和峰值强度较减排前明显降低。SWI可以在重污染天气预报和重大活动减排措施评估中得到有效应用。     

New urban map of Eurasia using MODIS and multi-source geospatial data

Urban areas are of paramount significance to both the individuals and communities at local and regional scales. However, the rapid growth of urban areas exerts effects on climate, biodiversity, hydrology, and natural ecosystems worldwide. Therefore, regular and up-to-date information related to urban extent is necessary to monitor the impacts of urban areas at local, regional, and potentially global scales. This study presents a new urban map of Eurasia at 500 m resolution using multi-source geospatial data, including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data of 2013, population density of 2012, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime lights of 2012, and constructed Impervious Surface Area (ISA) data of 2010. The Eurasian urban map was created using the threshold method for these data, combined with references of fine resolution Landsat and Google Earth imagery. The resultant map was compared with nine global urban maps and was validated using random sampling method. Results of the accuracy assessment showed high overall accuracy of the new urban map of 94%. This urban map is one product of the 20 land cover classes of the next version of Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations.     

高分二号影像融合方法质量评价

针对实际应用中因融合方法选择不恰当而无法充分发挥高分二号数据优势的问题,对常用影像融合算法进行了分析评价,旨在寻找最适用于高分二号数据的影像融合方法。采用Brovey变换、改进IHS变换、PCA变换、GS、HPF、小波PCA、Ehlers、Subtractive、HCS、NND 10种影像融合方法对高分二号影像进行融合处理,并从定性和定量两方面对融合结果进行质量评价。结果表明,针对高分二号数据,综合考虑光谱保真度和空间细节表达以及目视效果,HCS和NND方法的融合效果最佳。     

上海市地下商业空间使用权估价及空间分异

目前的土地估价不仅很少考虑地下空间价值,而且缺乏相对成熟的地下空间估价体系和方法。首先结合成本法、收益还原法及楼层效用比法,建立地下空间使用权价格评估模型。然后,分析了地下空间使用权价值的主要影响因素,发现区位、交通、商业经营等因素显著影响地下商业空间的效用;指出为了提高估价的准确性,地下商业空间效用应该分级、分类设置,而不能笼统地确定为同一水平,并据此测算出上海市地下空间使用权地价分配率。基于所构建的评估模型,以上海市地下商业空间为例,通过克里金内插法,廓清了上海市地下空间使用权价格的空间分布状况;最后,从典型购物中心、市级商业中心和全市商业用地成交地块三个维度,探讨上海市地下商业空间使用权价格的空间分异特征。结果表明：① 上海市地下空间使用权价格空间分布与地上土地使用权价格分布规律基本一致,并由市中心向郊区递减;② 地下商业空间使用权价格对地下轨道交通具有较强的依赖性;③ 与地上商业空间使用权价格分布相比,地下商业空间使用权价格分布的集聚性特征更明显。