环境损害鉴定评估的土壤基线确定方法

近年来,国内环境污染事故频繁发生,由此引发的环境损害问题日益严重。环境损害鉴定评估是中国推行的一项应对环境污染损害的重要环保举措,而基线则是确定损害的关键。基线确定作为损害评估与修复的重要组成部分,是科学评估的关键技术环节和重要前提,也是中国开展环境损害鉴定评估亟待解决的问题。总结国际上常用的4种基线确定方法：即历史数据法、参考点位法、环境标准法和模型推算法的优缺点及应用情况,探讨不同基线确定方法的具体工作步骤,并结合中国土壤环境研究工作积累与进展,提出中国土壤基线确定基本原则和推荐“4步法”工作程序,对中国开展土壤环境损害鉴定评估工作具有重要的理论意义和科学指导作用。     

Analysis of Spatial Mismatch of Tourism Development in Guangdong Province

The spatial mismatch situation of tourism development in Guangdong Province is analyzed by gravity model and two-dimensional matrix based on the spatial mismatch hypothesis, and the results are visualized using ArcGIS software. This study finds that varying degrees of spatial mismatch exist between the level of tourism development, abundance of tourism resources and accessibility of tourism locations in the 21 cities in Guangdong Province. The gravity centers for tourism economy, tourism resources and tourism location are (113.55° E, 23.00° N), (113.69° E, 23.21° N) and (113.74° E, 22.86° N), respectively. According to the two-dimensional combinatorial matrices, synchronous development is shown in 10 prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-resource abundance combination, whereas it is shown in seven prefecture-level cities for the tourism revenue-tourism location combination. Guangzhou and Shenzhen are synchronous-double high zones for both combinations, while Foshan, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, Zhongshan and Jieyang are deviating-negative mismatch zones for both combinations. Furthermore, the vast majority of prefecture-level cities within the province currently present mismatching trends in tourism development. Based on the analysis results, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward taking into account the actual situation and opportunities for further tourism development in various prefecture-level cities.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Aerial photography and image interpretation for Resource Management . DAVID P. PAINE . Analytical Models and Techniques Spatial Processes Models and Applications A. D. CLIFF AND J. K. ORD Quantitative and Statistical Approaches to Geography: A Practical Manual JOHN A. MATTHEWS . Cartography and Maps Map Data Processing . HERBERT FREEMAN AND GOFFREDO G. PIERONI , eds. Computer-assisted Cartography: Principles and Prospects, 1982 . MARK S. MONMONIER . Cultural Navajo Architecture: Forms, History, Distributions . STEPHEN C. JETT AND VIRGINIA E . SPENCER . Rational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography . EDWARD RELPH . Economic The Structure and Control of a State Economy . W. L. L'ESPERANCE . Economic Geography . JAMES O. WHEELER AND PETER O. MULLER . The Myth of the Family Farm: Agribusiness Dominance of U.S. Agriculture . INGOLF VOCELER . Libya: The Experience of Oil . J. A. ALLEN . Geography of Public Finance, Welfare Under Fiscal Federalism and local Government Finance . ROBERT BENNETT . Environmental Management, Resources, and Systems Mountains and Man . LARRY W. PRICE . Environmental Geology . DONALD R. COATES . An Introduction to Environmental Systems . G. H. DURY . The Environment: Chinese and American Views . Edited by LAURENCE J. C. MA AND ALLEN G. NOBLE . Land Use in America . RICHARD H. JACKSON . Medical Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography . MELINDA S. MEADE (ed.). Philosophy and Geographic Thought Birds in Egg/Eggs in Bird . GUNNAR OLSSON . PhysicaI Climatology: Selected Applications . J. E. OLIVER . Geomorphological Techniques . ANDREW GOUDIE (ed.). Political Politics, Geography and Behaviour . RICHARD MUIR AND RONAN PADDISON . The State of the World Atlas . MICHAEL KIDRON AND RONALD SECAL . Population The Population of the South . DUDLEY L. POSTON , JR . AND ROBERT H. WELLER , eds. Regional Latin America: Economic Development and Regional Differentiation . ARTHUR MORRIS . Developing the Amazon . EMILIO F. MORAN . Western Europe: A Systematic Human Geography . BRIAN W. ILBERY . Settlement Systems in Sparsely Settled Regions: The United States and Australia . RICHARD E. LONSDALEAND JOHN H. HOLMES , eds. African Perspectives: The Economic Geography of Nine African States . HARM DE BUJ AND ESMOND MARTIN , eds. Rural Nonmetropolitan America in Transition . AMOS H. HAWLEY AND SARA MILLS MAZIE , eds. Social Crime and Environment . R. NORMAN DAVIDSON . The Ghetto: Readings with Interpretations . JOE T. DARDEN , ed. Urban Urban Problems and Planning in the Developed World . MICHAEL PACIONE (ed.) Problems and Planning in Third World Cities . Edited by MICHAEL PACIONE . The City in West Europe . D. BURTENSHAW , M. BATEMAN , AND C. J. ASHWORTH .     

衡水湖湿地底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

测定了衡水湖湿地20个采样点底泥中的7种重金属含量,并与环境背景值进行了比较。结果显示,衡水湖湿地底泥中的Hg含量普遍高于环境背景值,为衡水湖湿地底泥中主要富集的重金属元素,而Cr和Cd基本无富集。用地积累指数、某种重金属的潜在生态危害系数和多种重金属的潜在生态风险指数评价了各个采样点的污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明,Hg为高风险元素,底泥中重金属污染主要以Hg为主;衡水湖湖内大部分地区的潜在生态风险相对较低,综合潜在生态风险最高处为魏屯闸,然后依次为南关闸、106国道、大赵闸和湖内岛,核心区的综合潜在生态风险最小。另外,还对魏屯闸处的3个采样点的多种重金属的潜在生态风险指数值进行了讨论。     

A Reconnaissance Method for Delineation of Tracts for Regional-Scale Mineral-Resource Assessment Based on Geologic-Map Data

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is proposing to conduct a global mineral-resource assessment using geologic maps, significant deposits, and exploration history as minimal data requirements. Using a geologic map and locations of significant pluton-related deposits, the pluton-related-deposit tract maps from the USGS national mineral-resource assessment have been reproduced with GIS-based analysis and modeling techniques. Agreement, kappa, and Jaccard's C correlation statistics between the expert USGS and calculated tract maps of 87%, 40%, and 28%, respectively, have been achieved using a combination of weights-of-evidence and weighted logistic regression methods. Between the experts' and calculated maps, the ranking of states measured by total permissive area correlates at 84%. The disagreement between the experts and calculated results can be explained primarily by tracts defined by geophysical evidence not considered in the calculations, generalization of tracts by the experts, differences in map scales, and the experts' inclusion of large tracts that are arguably not permissive. This analysis shows that tracts for regional mineral-resource assessment approximating those delineated by USGS experts can be calculated using weights of evidence and weighted logistic regression, a geologic map, and the location of significant deposits. Weights of evidence and weighted logistic regression applied to a global geologic map could provide quickly a useful reconnaissance definition of tracts for mineral assessment that is tied to the data and is reproducible.     

泰安市矿产开发监督管理工作的思考

根据泰安市区域矿产开发特点,及时掌握矿山企业开采情况,通过加强采矿登记现场预审查、开展矿山开采督察和采矿权人矿产资源开发利用年查等措施,强化了矿产资源开发过程中的监督管理,维护了正常开采秩序及采矿权人的合法权益。     

东北温带旱作农业主要作物生产潜力及资源利用效率评价——以黑龙江海伦市为例

将作物生产潜力模型(PS123模型)与常规方法相结合,对1999~2001年海伦市玉米、大豆、小麦作物生产潜力进行计算;选取产量损失量、资源满足率和资源组合利用率,定量评价资源利用效率,寻找影响资源集约高效利用的限制性因子及其定量制约程度。结果显示,自然资源中温度对于产量的限制最大,其次为水分和土壤,如果把光温生产潜力作为目标产量,玉米、大豆、小麦的光温生产潜力分别为11998、7068、8813 kg/hm²,资源利用率分别为51.0%、29.0%、20.2%,海伦市粮食生产仍有较大潜力。在特定自然资源状况下,海伦市的社会经济状况是限制潜力实现的重要因素,在实地调查基础上,本文提出了提高该市作物产量的主要措施。     

西藏自治区洛扎县冰湖溃决危险度评价

西藏自治区湖泊星罗棋布,在高山极高山地区分布大量冰湖,受各种因素的影响,有时会产生冰湖溃决并形成灾害。本文根据最新TM遥感影像对西藏自治区洛扎县283个冰湖进行了初步评价。依据冰湖类型、规模、后方现代冰川与冰湖的距离及冰湖离居民地、公路等设施的距离等,将冰湖溃决分为高危险度、中危险度及低危险度。并针对高危险度的冰湖提出防护对策。     

基于Surpac软件的王家村金矿化体三维建模研究与应用

山东省平邑县王家村金矿化体赋存于寒武纪地层与顺层侵入的二长斑岩接触部位,为鲁西铜石地区又一新类型金矿,找矿前景良好。传统方法估算矿化体的资源量效果不佳,该文借助Surpac软件工具,在研究王家村金矿（化）体地质特征的基础上,根据矿床以往的地质勘查工程资料,首次建立了王家村矿床地质数据库,构建了矿区的三维可视化地质模型,模型形象直观的展现了矿区地形地貌、矿体展布位置及形态。并应用距离幂次反比法对矿体进行了资源量估算。用此软件进行资源量估算简便且准确,可以根据不同品位实现资源量的动态统计分析。     

面向空心村综合整治的农村土地资源配置探析

如何通过空心村综合整治实现农村土地资源的合理配置,是构建城乡发展一体化新格局所要面对和解决的重大问题。本文通过梳理空心村整治和农村土地资源配置的概念内涵,明晰了新型城镇化、乡村重构、空心村整治和农村土地资源配置之间的内在关联;根据不同空心村整治类型例证了农村土地资源配置模式,并提出面向空心村整治的农村土地资源配置的市场化及制度保障措施。结果表明：空心村整治的实质是实现以农村土地要素为载体的要素有序流动及其优化配置,乡村重构和空心村整治互为理论依据和推动途径,空心村整治和新型城镇化互为重要内容和研究背景,新型城镇化和乡村重构则互为政策推力和实现方法;对应于空心村综合整治途径,将农村土地资源配置分为城乡一体型、中心社区型和就地改良型3种模式;当前需要发挥市场对农村土地资源配置的决定性作用,重点改革土地征收制度、土地承包经营权流转制度、宅基地流转制度和农村土地退出制度,完善户籍制度、社会保障制度和税费制度,从而有效提升农村土地利用效率。