矿物包裹体中水溶气体成分的物理化学参数图解

本文计算出1m～3mNaCl体系.温度为100～500℃条件下CO_2、CH_4、H_2、CO、N_2、H_2S和SO_2亨利常数,以及上述成分在100～350℃时的分配系数和气、液平衡常数.并设计出矿物包裹体中水溶气体的lgfo_2—T、lgf_(co)-T、lgf_(co)-T和lgf_(co)-pH等物理化学参数图,解析了江西茅坪锡矿床中石英和锡石的矿物包裹体形成的物理化学条件.     

普通铅同位素演化系统模式

已有的几种普通铅同位素模式仅反映了一些封闭体系铅同位素混合的特殊情况,不便于有效地应用于地质历史时期复杂的地质作用过程。本文应用概率论方法,从理论上分析包括开放体系在内的13种不同系统普通铅同位素混合的23种情况,讨论各种情况下铅同位素资料的地质年代学意义与地质事件发生年代的计算方法,从而建立多阶段铅同位素演化的系统模式。应用读系统模式研究燕山地区的成岩成矿时代,所得结果与其它方法测出的年龄一致。     

中国东部上地幔岩石组构与稀土配分之间的关系

本文通过对中国东部新生代玄武岩中二辉橄榄岩包体的研究认为,上地幔岩石变形结构和组构类型在不同大地构造单元中的分布是不同的,据此,可划分为华北—东北上地幔弱变形域和东南沿海上地幔强变形域。与变形特征对应的东南沿海地区包体稀土元素配分型式为LREE富集型,华北—东北地区包体稀土元素配分型式则为平坦型和轻微LREE富集型,这表明上地幔流变剪切作用强度与稀土元素富集作用呈正相关,同时反映出上地幔流变状态的差异。根据包体变形特征,我们提出华北—东北地区与东南沿海地区中新生代具有截然不同的大地构造演化特征。     

论金矿床的形成演化特点及预测意义

查明金矿床形成的时空分布的不均匀性,对指导金矿床预测有重要意义。笔者在我国胶东、小秦岭等主要金矿带研究的基础上,从三个方面论述了金矿床成矿演化规律:1)金矿床在地质历史上的成矿演化;2)不同地质作用过程中的成矿演化;3)成矿过程中不同矿化阶段的定向演化。这些规律对优选金矿床勘查靶区和矿床(点)评价都有重要指导意义。     

Holocene environmental evolution recorded by core sediments of Judian Lake in the east of Lubei Plain,Shandong Province

Judian Lake in the east of Lubei Plain is located in the monsoon area of northern China,which is sensitive to global climate change and provides abundant lake sedimentary data for the study of the past climate and environment evolution in the land-sea interaction area. Based on the sporopollen identification,grain size analysis and AMS¹⁴C dating of core sediments from the drilling hole of the Judian Lake,the evolutional process of climate and environment since 8900 cal a BP in the northern Lubei Plain was discussed. The results show that: 8900-7625cal a BP,the temperature and precipitation increased and the climate changed from cold-dry to warm-wet;7625—6810 cal a BP,the overall climate was becoming cooler and drier;6810—4435cal a BP,the temperature rose and the precipitation increased,showing an overall warm and humid climate in the middle Holocene;4435—3150cal a BP,the climate was generally cold and humid with some low-amplitude fluctuations of cold and warm. During the middle Holocene,there were two obvious cold and dry events in 5450—5280cal a BP and 4160—4090cal a BP,which was consistent with the geological and climatic records in China and even in the world. It may be due to the southward movement of the equatorial convergence zone caused by the change of solar radiation,the change of ocean surface temperature and the feedback of surface vegetation.     

Geologic and tectonic evolution of the Himalaya before and after the India-Asia collision

The geology and tectonics of the Himalaya has been reviewed in the light of new data and recent studies by the author. The data suggest that the Lesser Himalayan Gneissic Basement (LHGB) represents the northern extension of the Bundelkhand craton, Northern Indian shield and the large scale granite magmatism in the LHGB towards the end of the Palæoproterozoic Wangtu Orogeny, stabilized the early crust in this region between 2-1.9 Ga. The region witnessed rapid uplift and development of the Lesser Himalayan rift basin, wherein the cyclic sedimentation continued during the Palæoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic. The Tethys basin with the Vaikrita rocks at its base is suggested to have developed as a younger rift basin (～ 900 Ma ago) to the north of the Lesser Himalayan basin, floored by the LHGB. The southward shifting of the Lesser Himalayan basin marked by the deposition of Jaunsar-Simla and Blaini-Krol-Tal cycles in a confined basin, the changes in the sedimentation pattern in the Tethys basin during late Precambrian-Cambrian, deformation and the large scale granite activity (～ 500 ± 50 Ma), suggests a strong possibility of late Precambrian-Cambrian Kinnar Kailas Orogeny in the Himalaya. From the records of the oceanic crust of the Neo-Tethys basin, subduction, arc growth and collision, well documented from the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone north of the Tethys basin, it is evident that the Himalayan region has been growing gradually since Proterozoic, with a northward shift of the depocentre induced by N-S directed alternating compression and extension. During the Himalayan collision scenario, the 10–12km thick unconsolidated sedimentary pile of the Tethys basin (TSS), trapped between the subducting continental crust of the Indian plate and the southward thrusting of the oceanic crust of the Neo-Tethys and the arc components of the Indus-Tangpo collision zone, got considerably thickened through large scale folding and intra-formational thrusting, and moved southward as the Kashmir Thrust Sheet along the Panjal Thrust. This brought about early phase (M1) Barrovian type metamorphism of underlying Vaikrita rocks. With the continued northward push of the Indian Plate, the Vaikrita rocks suffered maximum compression, deformation and remobilization, and exhumed rapidly as the Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) during Oligo-Miocene, inducing gravity gliding of its Tethyan sedimentary cover. Further, it is the continental crust of the LHGB that is suggested to have underthrust the Himalaya and southern Tibet, its cover rocks stacked as thrust slices formed the Himalayan mountain and its decollement surface reflected as the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), in the INDEPTH profile.     

贵州地区新元古代—三叠纪沉积岩中稀土元素地球化学特征与地壳演化

摘 要　 通过对贵州地区自新元古界板溪群—三叠系深水相泥质岩系统的稀土元素地球化学 研究‚发现寒武系、泥盆系和上二叠统这3个稀土元素组成明显不同于其他层位和后太古代 页岩稀土元素特征的异常层‚并由此构成了地质历史中3个明显的稀土元素地球化学旋回。 这3个稀土元素地球化学旋回与本区的大地构造旋回具有明显的一致性‚且上述的3个稀土 元素地球化学异常层正好与盆地发育的明显的拉张裂陷时期相对应‚说明在盆地拉张裂陷时 期来自盆下深部物源的加入是造成稀土元素地球化学异常的根本原因。这为我们正确认识本 区的地壳演化提供了强有力的地球化学证据。     

Thermotectonic evolution of Precambrian basement rocks of the Kuruktag uplift,NE Tarim craton,China: evidence from apatite fission-track data

The Kuruktag uplift is located directly northeast of the Tarim craton in northwestern China. Neoarchaean-to-Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and intrusive rocks crop out widely in the uplift; thus, it is especially suited for a more complete understanding of the thermal evolution of the Tarim craton. Apatite fission-track (AFT) methods were used to study the exhumation history and cooling of these Precambrian crystalline rocks. Nine apatite-bearing samples were collected from both sides of the Xingdi fault transecting the Kuruktag uplift. Pooled ages range from 146.0 ± 13.4 to 67.6 ± 6.7 Ma, with mean track lengths between 11.79 ± 0.14 and 12.48 ± 0.10 μm. These samples can be divided into three groups based on age and structural position. Group A consists of five samples with AFT apparent ages of about 100–110 Ma and is generally associated with undeformed areas. Group B comprises three specimens with AFT apparent ages lower than 80 Ma and is mostly associated with hanging wall environments close to faults. Group C is a single apatite sample with the oldest relative apparent age, 146.0 ± 13.4 Ma. The modelled thermal history indicates four periods of exhumation in the Kuruktag uplift: late-Early Jurassic (180 Ma); Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (144–118 Ma); early-Late Cretaceous (94–82 Ma); and late Cenozoic (about 10 Ma). These cooling events, identified by AFT data, are assumed to reflect far-field effects from multi-stage collisions and accretions of terranes along the south Asian continental margin.     

Refining the age of magmatism in the Altos Cuchumatanes,western Guatemala,by LA–ICPMS,and tectonic implications

The Altos Cuchumatanes Range is made up of a core of igneous and metamorphic rocks, surrounded by lower Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary strata. These units constitute the westernmost exposure of basement rocks in Guatemala and represent some of the most important crustal units in the Maya Block. New laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon geochronology allows better definition of their igneous ages, inheritance and petrologic evolution. The Altos Cuchumatanes magmatism occurred during the Middle Ordovician (461 Ma) and lower Pennsylvanian (312–317 Ma), replicating similar age trends present in southern Mexico (Acatlán Complex) and the Maya Block, from Chiapas to central Guatemala (Rabinal-Salamá area) and Belize (Maya Mountains). The U-Pb inheritance from cores of the studied zircons makes it possible to decipher the pre-magmatic history of the area. During the Late Ordovician to Permo-Carboniferous, the Altos Cuchumatanes and Maya Block were located adjacent to northeastern Mexico, near the Mixteco terrane, where Ordovician megacrystic granites intruded a passive-margin sedimentary sequence. The Ordovician granites present at the southern limit of the Maya Block, in the Altos Cuchumatanes, in central Guatemala and in Belize, are the result of partial crustal melting during the initial opening of the Rheic Ocean, when both Maya and Mixteco terranes would have lain close to NW Gondwana until the closure of that ocean. The crystallization of the early Pennsylvanian granites seems to be the result of an E-dipping subduction zone that accommodated convergence between Laurentia and Gondwana.     

Deciphering the geochronology of a large granitoid pluton (Karkonosze Granite,SW Poland): an assessment of U–Pb zircon SIMS and Rb–Sr whole-rock dates relative to U–Pb zircon CA-ID-TIMS

Granitoid plutons are often difficult to radiometrically date precisely due to the possible effects of protracted and complex magmatic evolution, crustal inheritance, and/or partial re-setting of radiogenic clocks. However, apart from natural/geological issues, methodological and analytical problems may also contribute to blurring geochronological data. This may be exemplified by the Variscan Karkonosze Pluton (SW Poland). High-precision chemical abrasion (CA) ID-TIMS zircon data indicate that the two main rock types, porphyritic and equigranular, of this igneous body were both emplaced at ca. 312 Ma, while field evidence points to a younger age for the latter. This is in contrast to the earlier reported SIMS (SHRIMP) zircon dates that scattered mainly between ca. 322 and 302 Ma. In an attempt to overcome this dispersion, at least in part caused by radiogenic lead loss, the CA technique was used before SHRIMP analysis. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age obtained in this way from a sample of porphyritic granite is 322 ± 3 Ma, ~16 Ma older than the untreated zircons; another porphyritic sample yielded a mean age of 319 ± 3 Ma, and the mean age was 318 ± 4 Ma for an equigranular granite sample – all three somewhat older than the age obtained by ID-TIMS. Older SIMS dates of ca. 318–322 Ma might indicate either faint inheritance or that zircon domains crystallized during earlier stages of Karkonosze igneous evolution. The ID-TIMS results have been used to re-assess the whole-rock Rb–Sr data. Excluding a porphyritic granite with excess radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr, it appears that isotopic homogeneity was achieved for most samples during the 312 Ma event, as shown by a pooled 21-point isochron with an age of 311 ± 3 Ma and an initial ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.7067 ± 4. Local crustal contamination by stopping of metapelitic material might account for the more radiogenic Sr isotope signature observed in biotite-rich schlieren. A critical re-evaluation of all available SHRIMP data using the ID-TIMS age of 312 Ma as a benchmark suggests that the observed scatter may be partly attributed to analytical and methodological problems, in particular failing to distinguish subtly discordant spots from truly concordant ones, which is a serious limitation of the microbeam analytical approach. Other likely pitfalls contributing to geochronological scatter are identified in the published Re–Os ages on molybdenite and the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data on micas. A scenario postulating a 15–20 milliion year evolution of the Karkonosze Pluton cannot be established on the basis of available geochronological data, which rather supports a brief igneous event, although a more protracted pre-emplacement evolution is possible. A short timescale for crystallization of large igneous bodies, as suggested by the ID-TIMS data from the Karkonosze Granite, is in line with models of transport of granitic magmas through dikes to form large plutons.