Magnitudes, spatial scales and processes of environmental antimony mobility from orogenic gold–antimony mineral deposits, Australasia

Antimony (Sb) is strongly concentrated into hydrothermal mineral deposits, commonly with gold, in metasedimentary sequences around the Pacific Rim. These deposits represent potential point sources for Sb in the downstream environment, particularly when mines are developed. This study documents the magnitude and scale of Sb mobility near some mineral deposits in Australia and New Zealand. Two examples of New Zealand historic mining areas demonstrate that natural groundwater dissolution of Sb from mineral deposits dominates the Sb load in drainage waters, with Sb concentrations between 3 and 24 μg/L in major streams. Mine-related discharges can exceed 200 μg/L Sb, but volumes are small. Sb flux in principal stream waters is ca 1–14 mg/s, compared to mine tunnel fluxes of ca 0.001 mg/s. Dissolved Sb is strongly attenuated near some mine tunnels by adsorption on to iron oxyhydroxide precipitates. Similar Sb mobilisation and attenuation processes are occurring downstream of the historic/active Hillgrove antimony–gold mine of New South Wales, Australia, but historic discharges of Sb-bearing debris has resulted in elevated Sb levels in stream sediments (ca 10–100⁺ mg/kg) and riparian plants (up to 100 mg/kg) for ca 300 km downstream. Dissolution of Sb from these sediments ensures that river waters have elevated Sb (ca 10–1,000 μg/L) over that distance. Total Sb flux reaching the Pacific Ocean from the Hillgrove area is ca 8 tonnes/year, of which 7 tonnes/year is particulate and 1 tonne/year is dissolved.     

辽宁抚顺西露天矿南帮滑坡变形与地下水位关系

结合抚顺西露天矿的地质环境背景,介绍了抚顺西露天矿南帮滑坡变形监测中地下水监测系统的构建情况。从降水入渗、岩体的透水性等角度对比了汛期及非汛期地下水的监测数据,并利用SPSS统计分析软件对单点地下水位变化值和滑坡位移变化值进行曲线估计回归分析并建立模型。结果表明,汛期持续强降雨是诱发西露天矿南帮滑坡变形的重要因素;强降雨入渗过程中,基岩裂隙水的变化存在明显的滞后性;单点地下水位变化值和滑坡位移变化值符合三次项曲线模型;非汛期,地下水位逐渐降低,滑坡地表变形速率也减缓。     

土耳其卡赞天然碱溶采对接井堵井原因分析及修复

土耳其卡赞天然碱矿由于地质条件复杂,首采层不溶物含量高,矿层倾角大,在商业开采过程中易发生堵井事故。本文以P078水平对接井组为例,介绍了其施工工艺和注采井史,分析了引起井组堵塞的原因。遵循“先易后难、降低风险、控制成本”的原则,先后进行了直井单井循环、固井泵车压井和循环泥浆清理井底等各种尝试,最后提出了分支侧钻重新连通的技术方案,并成功修复了溶采通道,恢复了井组的正常生产。并在钻井施工组织、修井设计与施工和溶采作业等方面提出了建议。该技术对类似故障井组的修复具有一定的指导作用和借鉴意义。     

Research Progress of Geophysical Exploration in Karatungk Mine in Northern Xinjiang, China

Karatungk Mine in northern Xinjiang, China, which is a large-scale magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide mine in the Central Asian orogenic belt, has a long history of mining. The mine is located at the merging belt between Altay orogenic belt and Junggar Basin, and has strong tectonic activities. In recent years, mining source detection has become an important target for mineral exploration due to the difficulties in ore body exploitation. In this paper,we systematically summarize the achievements of the geophysical explorations in Karatungk Mine from various aspects, including tectonic backgrounds of the mine, dynamic mechanisms, geophysical characteristics and scientific challenges in the future. Because of the restrictions of observation density and analysis methods, the fine geometrical structure of the mine cannot be completely characterized yet. Therefore,in order to obtain the high-resolution structure and detailed spatial distribution of orebodies, researchers should focus on combining multiple geophysical methods, developing high-resolution imaging methods, and improving petro physical experiments in the future.     

陕北榆神府矿区煤炭资源开发主要水工环问题及防治对策

分析了榆神府矿区煤炭资源开发所面临的主要水文、工程、环境地质问题。以水文工程地质条件研究为基础 ,给出了榆神府矿区土地沙漠化、水土流失和水环境受开采影响的预期结果。并提出了实现保水采煤的水工环技术方案和工程措施建议。     

IKONOS影像在矿山环境遥感监测中的应用——以白银煤矿区为例

选取以地下开采方式为主的白银煤矿区为研究区,以IKONOS卫星影像数据为主要信息源,在遥感解译与野外验证的基础上,对研究区内矿山环境的现状进行了分析。研究表明IKONOS融合图像对于煤矿区的监测效果理想,较好地实现了对矿业活动占地情况、矿山地质灾害以及矿山周边环境的监测。     

南梁煤矿多煤层开采地下水系统演化规律

煤层开采对所在矿区地下水系统有着重要影响。以往研究单煤层开采对地下水系统的影响较多,而对多煤层的影响研究甚少,特别对于我国西部缺水矿区。以南梁煤矿为例,运用地下水系统演化理论和岩石力学模拟等,对该矿井水文地质结构、矿井涌水变化规律、矿井地下水流场演变、矿井地下水化学成分变化等方面进行了综合分析研究,重构了多煤层开采条件下南梁矿井地下水系统流动模型,初步揭示了矿井水化学成分的演化机理。研究结果表明,2^-2煤单煤层开采时,顶板导裂带的最大发育高度为42.1 m,而2^-2和3^-1煤层重复开采时则增大为83.1 m,相应地应力、位移、塑性区范围后者也比前者增大许多。这揭示出多煤层重复采动明显增大了顶板导裂带的发育高度,加剧了矿井水文地质结构变异,进一步地,导水裂隙带改变了天然地下水渗流路径,沟通了不同含水层之间的水力联系,增强了地下水流动速度和水文地球化学作用,整体扩大了地下水流动系统的规模,从降雨入渗→导裂带渗流→各煤层涌水→井底水仓排水构成了一个自然-人工复合地下水流动模式。研究成果可以为南梁煤矿的矿井水害防治及水资源高效利...     

基于IUCN《矿山生物多样性管理系列指南》的大宝山矿生态修复实践研究

为研究矿山开采及修复过程中如何开展生物多样性管理,本文借鉴IUCN(世界自然保护联盟)发布的《矿山生物多样性管理系列指南》成果,将相关理论和方法应用到广东大宝山矿生态修复实践中.文章在介绍IUCN的"综合生物多样性管理体系"方法主要内容的基础上,将其作为大宝山矿实施生态修复依据,阐述了该管理体系在矿山生态修复工程中的应...     

Losses from sleet storms in the United States

Increasing losses of life and property and damages to the environment due to sleet and related winter storm conditions have increased the need for long-term sleet storm data to better assess the point and regional risks of sleet and their long-term variations. The areas of greatest losses and frequency of catastrophes caused by sleet during 1971–2007 are the Northeast and Central regions of the U.S. These two regions experienced 72% of all the nation’s sleet losses. Most of the western U.S. had no damaging sleet-related events or losses. When sleet losses occurred, they tended to be in 2, 3, or 4 adjacent states. Sleet catastrophes were most common in January with 15 of the 30 events. The earliest storm occurred in October and the latest in March. The temporal distributions of catastrophes and their losses during 1971–2007 were similar. Both showed a secondary peak in 1976–1979, a low in 1988–1991, and then high values during the 1996–2007 period. The temporal distributions of damaging storms and losses indicate an upward trend over time.     

Application of statistical methods to study seasonal variation in the mine contaminants in soil and groundwater of Goa, India

 Soil and groundwater samples were collected during two seasons, premonsoon (April 1990) and postmonsoon (December 1990), and analyzed for major elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe), trace elements (Ni, Pb, Co, Cr and Zn) and water parameters (pH, conductivity, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, Cl and SO₄). All the data were subjected to linear discriminant analysis and partial correlation analysis in order to understand the seasonal variation in the data. It was observed from the Mahalanobis generalized distance that in both soil and groundwater samples there was a large difference in the concentration level of premonsoon and postmonsoon data. Linear discriminant functions were calculated to distinguish between premonsoon and postmonsoon samples. From the partial correlation coefficient analysis of soil samples, dominance of chemical weathering and precipitation of atmospheric fallout during monsoon were inferred. In the case of the water samples, high conductivity and high hardness in the postmonsoon samples as well as atmospheric fallout of Pb and Ni during the premonsoon period was suggested from partial correlation of water samples. Received: 19 September 1995 · Accepted: 12 December 1995