矿井全空间孔中瞬变电磁响应积分方程法数值模拟研究

基于地面-钻孔瞬变电磁法,将发射源布设于煤矿巷道中,而将接收探头放置在钻孔内,从上至下依次观测,形成矿井巷道-钻孔瞬变电磁法.为了研究巷道全空间条件下巷道-钻孔瞬变电磁场的响应特征,选取煤层底板受水害威胁的代表性地层为研究对象,建立煤层底板存在含水低阻地质异常体的三维数学模型,采用积分方程法进行数值模拟,结果表明：相对高阻的煤层侧帮对孔内垂向感应电动势的影响较小,而对孔内水平感应电动势除浅部约30 m内影响相对较大外,对深部影响较小.当煤层底板含水平低阻板状异常体时,在对异常体的纵向分辨率和异常响应的延续时间方面,孔内感应电动势的水平分量相对优于垂向分量,但垂向感应电动势的幅值强于水平感应电动势.因此,实际观测时,不仅要观测孔内感应电动势的垂向分量,也要观测水平分量.     

矿井水情监测与水害风险预警平台设计与实现

任何矿井水害事故均会显现不同的预兆,为夯实水害智能预警基础,明晰了感知、辨识、评估、预测及相互逻辑关系的系统建设内涵,针对不同水害类型,根据其突水机理不同,设计三大类多模式水害典型场景,建立相应突水判据,提出了确定性理论精确预测与包括大数据及深度学习在内的非确定性趋势推测两类预测方法,为智能预警系统的预测预报、预警准则及阈值设置奠定理论基础。以陕西省彬长矿区亭南矿为例,建立了动态信息、静态信息及关联信息的指标体系,将地面水文动态监测单元、井下水情环境监测单元以及采掘工作面采动动态监测单元集成,构建原位采集和突水要素预兆感知系统,实施基于关键层电性参数动态监测、关键部位单点或多点多参数监测联合布置的突水前兆信息精准获取方案,采用确定性模拟模型和非确定性智能模型,实现水害预测预警功能,基于多源数据融合和空间联动分析技术,预警系统实现了井上下全空间水害风险预警“一张图”的可视化展示。实践表明,监测预警平台理论基础扎实,预测预警效果显著。      

浅析地质构造对山体滑坡的控制作用——以福建潘田铁矿区为例

本文以潘田铁矿区山体滑坡为例,从不同的方面论述了地质构造对山体滑坡的控制作用,指出地质构造控制了山体滑坡的形成,分布和发展演化,是影响山体斜坡稳定性的重要内在因素之一。     

Speciation and solubility relationships of Al, Cu and Fe in solutions associated with sulfuric acid leached mine waste rock

 Solutions from oxidized waste rock originating from an acid-leached waste dump were studied. The dissolution data suggest that after the majority of the soluble solid phases are removed, remaining solid phases continued to buffer the solutions in the acidic pH range. Incorporating the solution data into MINTEQA2 identified controls on the solubility of Al, Cu and Fe at pH values from about 2.5 to slightly over 5. Sulfate appears to play a significant role in the formation of solubility controlling solid phases for Al and Cu. This is not the case for Fe, and is suggested that Fe and Cu solubility may be controlled by cupric ferrite at low pH values. Received: 5 April 1998 · Accepted: 27 July 1998     

Pit lakes: their characteristics and the potential for their remediation

 Pit lakes form when open-pit mining operations are discontinued and dewatering ceases. The increase in open-pit metal mining since the 1970s will lead to the formation of numerous pit lakes over the next 50 years. Many of these lakes will develop acid sulfate conditions with high levels of dissolved metals. Approaches to remediation of these conditions that have been recommended include the addition of lime or other alkaline materials and the stimulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria. However, prevention rather than remediation is probably the preferable approach. Measures to prevent oxidation of mining waste and wall rocks, including measures to fill pits quickly with water, to inhibit the activity of acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and to promote anoxic conditions at the lake bottoms may minimize the formation of acids and dissolved metals. Received: 26 August 1999 · Accepted: 29 October 1999     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of basalts from Hardat Tolgoi Mine,Inner Mongolia,China

Basalts from Hardat Tolgoi Mine were studied systematically by using petrochemical and isotope geo- chemical methods in order to discuss their chemical properties, diagenetic material sources and tectonic environ- ment. The analysis results indicate that the alkali basalts are characterized by low silica and high alkalinic （Na〉K） and iron-titanium contents. The distribution patterns of the rare earth elements （REE） are the ＂rightist＂ type, which typically show evident fractionation between light REEs and heavy REEs with （La/Yb）y ratios from 8.04 to 10.4, but no significant negative Eu anomalies were observed （SEu=l.01 to 1.04）. The basalts are relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements （LILE, Ba, Sr） and high field strength elements （HFSE, Nb, Ta, Hf）. Ratios of 206pb/204pb vary between 18.434 and 18.550, ratios of 207pb/204pb are between 15.541 and 15.569, and ratios of 206spb/204pb are between 38.331 and 38.536. The diagenetic substance is believed from the asthenospheric mantle and in intraplate environment, which was constructed during continent stretch, without being significantly contaminated by crustal materials.     

An attempt to use LA-ICP-SMS to quantify enrichment of trace elements on pyrite surfaces in oxidizing mine tailings

Metals released from oxidation and weathering of sulphide minerals in mine tailings are to a high degree retained at deeper levels within the tailings themselves. To be able to predict what could happen in the future with these secondarily retained metals, it is important to understand the retention mechanisms. In this study an attempt to use laser ablation high-resolution ICP-MS (LA-ICP-SMS) to quantify enrichment of trace elements on pyrite surfaces in mine tailings was performed. Pyrite grains were collected from a profile through the pyrite-rich tailings at the Kristineberg mine in northern Sweden. At each spot hit by the laser, the surface layer was analyzed in the first shot, and a second shot on the same spot gave the chemical composition of the pyrite immediately below. The crater diameter for a laser shot was known, and by estimating the crater depth and total pyrite surface, the total enrichment on pyrite grains was calculated. Results are presented for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The results clearly show that there was an enrichment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn on the pyrite surfaces below the oxidation front in the tailings, but not of Co and Ni. Arsenic was also enriched on the pyrite grains that survived in the oxidized zone. Copper has been enriched on pyrite surfaces in unoxidized tailings in the largest amount, followed by Zn and As. However, only 1.4 to 3.1% of the Cd and Zn released by sulphide oxidation in the oxidized zone have been enriched on the pyrite surfaces in the unoxidized tailings, but for As and Cu corresponding figures are about 64 and 43%, respectively. There were many uncertainties in these calculations, and the results shall not be taken too literally but allowed the conclusion that enrichment on pyrite surfaces is an important process for retention of As and Cu below the oxidation front in pyrite rich tailings. Laser ablation is not a surface analysis technique, but more of a thin layer method, and gives no information on the type of processes resulting in enrichment on the pyrite surfaces. Although only pyrite grains that appeared to be fresh and without surface coatings were used in this study, the possibility that a thin layer of Fe-hydroxides occurred must be considered. Both adsorption to the pyrite directly or to Fe-oxyhydroxides may explain the enrichment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn on the pyrite surfaces, and, in the case of Cu, also the replacement of Fe(II) by Cu(II) in pyrite.     

Bioremediation of sulphate rich mine effluents using grass cuttings and rumen fluid microorganisms

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) needs to be treated before it can be re-used or discharged in receiving water bodies due to the low pH, high salinity and high sulphate concentrations of the water. Several treatment methods are currently applied including chemical treatment (e.g. neutralisation of the low pH waters), physical treatment (e.g. reverse osmosis) and biological treatment to reduce the high sulphate concentration. When treating AMD biologically, sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) reduce sulphate to sulphide, provided that a suitable and cost effective carbon and energy source is present. In the present study mine water was remediated biologically, using the degradation products of grass-cellulose, as carbon and energy sources for the sulphate reducing bacteria. A laboratory scale one stage anaerobic bioreactor (20 L volume) containing grass cuttings and biomass consisting of rumen fluid microorganisms and immobilized SRB, was initially fed with synthetic sulphate rich water and later with diluted AMD. The results indicated an average of 86% sulphate removal efficiency when feeding synthetic sulphate rich feed water to the reactor. When feeding diluted AMD, the highest sulphate removal efficiency was 78%. The sulphate removal was dependant on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentrations in the reactor. Increased COD concentrations were obtained when fresh grass was added to the reactor on a regular basis. Metal removal, especially iron, was observed due to the metal sulphide precipitates formed during biological sulphate removal.     

云南易门狮子山铜矿深部找矿得失

易门狮子山铜矿已是资源严重危机矿山。综合应用地质、地球物理、构造地球化学、专题研究,并采取系统工程对已知矿体延伸进行矿床深部找矿,取得重大突破,但也还存在不足。     

薄煤层的形成因素辨析

在井 下煤 巷 掘进 中,时常 会遇 到 煤层 变薄 或 分叉 。薄 煤成 因 有两 种:一种 为沉 积 造成 ;一 种是 构 造形 成,特别是断 层构 造 。这 两种 薄 煤层 在形 态 上有 相似 之 处,容易 混淆 。 笔者 旨在 讨 论两 者的 差 异,并 力 主用 于指 导 生产 。