Multiphysics modeling of arching effects in fill mass

A numerical modeling study is conducted to assess and gain a better understanding of the arching effects of field cemented tailings backfill (CTB). An integrated multiphysics model is developed that can illustrate and capture the changes in the material properties of CTB, consolidation behavior of CTB mass, and the shear behavior at the CTB/Rockwall interface. The predictive capability of the model has been successfully verified with comparisons of the predicted results with monitoring data taken from a series of field studies. The model is then used to simulate a series of applications that are relevant to CTB in practice.     

新形势下山东矿山地质环境保护与管理工作探讨

山东矿产资源丰富,开采历史悠久,采矿活动引发的地质环境问题突出,恢复治理速度远远低于生态环境破坏的速度,严重影响了矿业的可持续发展,矿山地质环境保护与管理形势严峻。该文基于山东省矿山地质环境实际,分析了矿山地质环境保护与管理形势,探讨了新形势下山东矿山地质环境保护战略和管理机制,提出了多渠道、多元化解决治理资金,加强联合执法、督促和引导矿企主动履行矿山地质环境恢复治理义务,加强遥感监测与监控技术,激活保证金制度,发展绿色科技、建立完善的绿色矿山体系等建议,并指出随着煤炭集中开采区向鲁西南平原地带转移,推行清洁生产,发展循环经济性煤炭产业,建立多元化的煤炭资源可持续开发体系,是实现全省矿业领域绿色发展的关键。     

Characteristics of severe Atlantic hurricanes in the United States: 1949–2006

Property insurance data available for 1949–2006 were assessed to get definitive measures of hurricane losses in the U.S. Catastrophes, events causing >$1 million in losses, were most frequent in the Southeast and South climate regions. Losses in these two regions totaled $127 billion, 85% of the nation’s total losses. During the period 1949–2006 there were 79 hurricane catastrophes, causing $150.6 billion in losses and averaging $2.6 billion per year. All aspects of these hurricanes showed increases in post-1990 years. Sizes of loss areas averaged one state in 1949–1967, but grew to 3 states during 1990–2006. Seven of the ten most damaging hurricanes came in 2004 (4) and 2005 (3). The number of hurricanes also peaked during 1984–2006, increasing from an annual average of 1.2 during 1949–1983 to 2.1 per year. Losses were $49.3 billion in 1991–2006, 32% of the 58-year total. Various reasons have been offered for such recent increases in hurricane losses including more hurricanes, more intense tropical storms, increased societal vulnerability in storm-prone areas, and a change in climate due to global warming, although this is debatable.     

矿山开采环境地质问题分析与防治建议

系统分析常见矿山环境地质问题各类型特征,指出问题发生的原因。矿山环境地质问题是项综合的系统工程,阐述对问题的防治,以及保障矿业开发及生态环境保护协调发展应重视的方面。     

芙蓉煤矿B2煤层逆掩断层预测探索

通过对芙蓉煤矿Ｂ煤组下分层Ｂ２煤层中出现的一种特殊逆掩断层的分析和研究,提出了一种新的定量预测预报方法－相对导间距高差值法。     

3维地学模拟与虚拟矿山系统

3维地学模拟（3D Geoscience Modelling，简称3DGM）与虚拟矿山系统（Virtual Mine System，简称VMS）是数字矿山（Digital Mine，简称DM）战略实施的关键技术，其中3DGM是VMS及所有真3维地学虚拟现实系统的基础。基于国内外VMS研究与应用分析，指出目前2．5维VMS的缺陷和不足；同时，对当前国际学术界3DGM理论与方法进行了评析。进而，从3DGM与VMS耦合的角度出发，提出了一种新的3DGM方法：类三棱柱（Analogic Tri-Prism，简称ATP）法。ATP模型由点、TIN边、TIN面、棱边、侧面TIN和ATP体共6组基本元素组成。本文设计了ATP的数据结构，并给出了基于实验钻孔的3DGM可视化图。     

峰峰矿区矿井突水分类及发生机理研究

在对峰峰矿区大量突水实例深入分析的基础上,根据隔水岩体初始特性即有无断层构造及其规模大小,将矿井突水分为完整隔水岩体突水、小断层破碎带突水及大断层突水三种类型。应用岩体变形与破裂机制和岩体水力学原理,对上述三种类型突水的发生机理进行研究,并讨论预防方法。     

德兴铜矿低品位矿石堆浸场与大坞河流域土壤重金属元素形态的环境特征

本文主要采用连续提取法对德兴铜矿地区低品位矿石堆浸场和大坞河流域的土壤样品进行元素形态分析。低品位矿石堆浸场中As、Cu元素含量最高分别达到95.7μg/g和1867μg/g,都严重超过国家三级土壤标准,但是通过元素形态分析得到,As元素主要以硫化物态存在(百分比为50%-80%),Cu元素主要以有机结合态存在(百分比为50%-60%),能稳定存在于矿石中。其他元素如Cd、Mo、Pb、Zn都以有机物结合态为主,Cr元素以硅酸盐态为主,Hg元素以硫化物态占主要,重金属迁移性差,对环境的影响不大。大坞河流域上中下游元素形态组成变化不明显。Cu元素含量(平均为400-500μg/g)超过国家三级土壤标准,但是Cu元素主要是以有机结合态存在(比例为35%),稳定性相对较好。而Cd元素虽然在样品中含量在国家三级土壤标准之下,其水溶态、吸附态和碳酸盐态所占的比例较大(30%左右),容易发生迁移转化,对环境的影响较大。Pb元素以有机结合态为主,百分比达到45%;As、Hg元素以硫化物态占主导,百分比大于50%,对环境有潜在的影响。其他元素如Cr、Mo、Zn的硅酸盐态比例最大(50%左右),能比较稳定的存在于土壤中,对环境的影响较小。     

Use of sample color to estimate oxidized Fe content in mine waste rock

 Color, a readily perceived feature of natural earth materials, including mine waste, often represents compositional variation as a result of oxidative processes involving Fe. Near surface samples from excavated trenches in a mine-waste rock pile were collected to investigate the relationship between color and contents of Fe, Cu, and S. The silt+clay fraction (<0.05 mm) was isolated from recognizable colored material of the bulk sample for determination of pH, total and extractable Fe and Cu, and bulk mineralogy. Rock fragments within the pile exhibited coatings of crystalline gypsum and amorphous Fe. These coatings result from weathering (secondary products) and play important roles in surface reactions of waste rock piles, such as adsorption of anions (SO₄ ^2–) or coprecipitation of Fe with Cu. The correlation between color (Hurst method) and extractable Fe was high. Although color is influenced by site conditions such as original mineral composition, materials handling, weathering conditions etc., the results suggest that color measurements may provide an inexpensive and rapid estimation for secondary iron compounds and associated sorbed elements. Received: 5 April 1998 · Accepted: 30 June 1998     

Arsenic distribution during formation and capping of an oxidised sulphidic minesoil, Macraes mine, New Zealand

A minesoil has developed over 5 years oxidative exposure on sulphide concentrate tailings (ca. 1 wt.% As) at the Macraes mesothermal gold mine, New Zealand. The minesoil has a dry crust which has formed due to evaporative drying. This dry crust is enriched in arsenic (ca. 5 wt.% As) as scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) because of upward mobility of dissolved arsenic during drying. Similar enrichment of arsenic has occurred along the walls of desiccation cracks which extend over 1 m into the minesoil. Capping of the tailings and minesoil with wet tailings (pH=8) results in dissolution of scorodite and remobilization of arsenic on the millimetre scale. Experimental capping of the minesoil with wet calcium carbonate remobilized some arsenic from scorodite on the centimetre scale, but much original arsenic enrichment was preserved after 400 days. A layer of gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and iron oxyhydroxide cementation developed at the interface between the minesoil and the experimental calcium carbonate cap, restricting water flow. This layer was ca. 1 mm thick after 400 days. Theoretical comparison between advection and diffusion in the minesoil suggests that diffusion is an important mechanism for chemical mobility on the 1–50-year time scale. However, advection can be important in secondary porosity of the dry crust of the minesoil and water penetrates this zone at a rate of 1.5 mm/day.