四川盆地西缘地区中侏罗统沙溪庙组地球化学特征及其环境意义

沉积岩的微量元素及稀土元素蕴含了大量的地质信息,它对沉积环境的水文变化有着较高的敏感度,是研究沉积物沉积时的古气候、古环境的有效手段。选取四川盆地西缘地区中侏罗统上、下沙溪庙组的17件样品进行了详细的微量元素及稀土元素的测定,应用了能够敏感反应沉积环境的微量元素指标及特征微量元素、稀土元素比值,对四川盆地西缘地区中侏罗统上、下沙溪庙组沉积时期的古环境、古气候进行了研究。结果表明:研究区上、下沙溪庙组Sr/Ba比值均小于1,说明沙溪庙组沉积期湖水为淡水;V、U、Mo、V/Cr、Ni/Co、U/Th、（Cu+Mo）/Zn、V/（V+Ni）、δCe、δEu、∑REE、La/Yb微量元素及稀土元素特征值及比值,说明整个沙溪庙组沉积时期湖泊底层水体总体上为中等分层的含氧环境;根据Sr/Cu比值及前人研究成果认为下沙溪庙组沉积期整体表现为温暖干旱,局部时期转凉,此后上沙溪庙组沉积期又转变为类似于下沙溪庙沉积期的温暖干旱的气候环境,且干旱程度逐渐加强。     

华南下/中奥陶统界线附近笔石动物群的图形对比研究

在下/中奥陶统界线附近笔石的生物地层学研究基础上,笔者选择了华南地区奥陶系台地相、盆地相和位于二者之间的过渡相等不同沉积相区5条典型地层剖面,开展了华南下/中奥陶统界线附近笔石动物群的图形对比研究,通过这项研究,进一步明确了华南奥陶系下/中奥陶统界线附近笔石动物群的延限和不同相区笔石动物群的精确对比关系,为开展不同相区之间地层的精确对比奠定了基础。     

大兴安岭中段龙江盆地热河生物群化石组合及生存时限——来自生物地层、年代地层新证据

龙江盆地光华组层型剖面出露完整,沉积连续,含丰富的热河生物群化石,是大兴安岭中段研究热河生物群起源、演化及辐射的重点剖面之一。本文对光华组层型剖面进行了重新精细测制,认为光华组整合于龙江组安山质角砾熔结凝灰岩之上,被甘河组玄武岩局部不整合覆盖,自下而上可识别出下、中、上3个岩性段;对该组所产动植物化石进行了系统的采集和鉴定,丰富了大兴安岭中段热河生物群的生物类别,并依据新采集化石和前人资料,尝试建立了叶肢介、介形虫、植物化石、昆虫等组合,探讨了各生物组合特征。根据对光华组剖面中段顶底岩层进行了LA-ICP-MS U-Pb锆石年代学研究,揭示龙江盆地热河生物生存的时代为125.4±1.4Ma至120.1±1.1Ma,大致跨越500万年,反映龙江盆地热河生物群繁盛于从阿普特期早期至阿普特期中期。结合古生物特点和笔者前期研究成果,认为龙江盆地热河生物群生存的古环境可能是间歇性或季节性的湖泊;古气候应处于温暖湿润的季节性变化的暖温带,并伴有短暂的半干旱气候。     

早古生代阿拉善地块与华北地块之间的关系:来自阿拉善东缘中奥陶统碎屑锆石的信息

阿拉善东缘奥陶纪地层位于鄂尔多斯(华北地块)与北祁连早古生代造山带之间的过渡地区,该区的构造背景一直是长期争论的问题,它涉及到阿拉善地块是否与华北地块相连、奥陶系的物源以及"贺兰拗拉槽"是否存在等问题。分布于阿拉善地块东缘的中奥陶统米钵山组的碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄测试表明,样品中数量最多的锆石年龄为900～950Ma,Alxa-1的峰值年龄为916Ma,Alxa-2的峰值年龄为953Ma,次者在494～623Ma之间,这个区间内存在多个峰值,如Alxa-1存在505Ma和588Ma两个主要峰值,Alxa-2则存在494Ma、517Ma、623Ma等几个峰值。在2.5Ga左右两个样品都存在一个弱的峰值,Alxa-1峰值为2517Ma,而Alxa-2峰值为2552Ma和2670Ma。除此之外,两个样品都有个别大于3.0Ga的成分,Alxa-1样品中最年轻的锆石为451±8Ma,Alxa-2样品则为483±4Ma。这些年龄以及沉积特征表明:(1)传统认为的奥陶纪"贺兰拗拉槽"并不存在,鄂尔多斯西南缘地区以及阿拉善东部地区当时属于北祁连早古生代周缘前陆盆地系统;(2)早古生代主要物源来自北祁连造山带,新元古代物源来自阿拉善地块;(3)鄂尔多斯西缘整个米钵山组的锆石年龄分布及其变化,指示出北祁连造山带(岛弧)逐渐靠近阿拉善地块,其间洋盆逐渐消失的过程;(4)阿拉善地块基底与华北有明显差别,阿拉善地块明显受到新元古代和古生代构造热事件的影响,两者可能是在中奥陶世或之后才拼贴在一起。     

陕西富平地区中奥陶统等深流沉积的特征及其地质意义

陕西富平赵老峪地区中奥陶统赵老峪组发育一套与深水碳酸盐岩重力流沉积、放射虫硅质岩、火山凝灰岩伴生的等深流沉积。根据岩性特征可以将该等深流沉积划分为砾屑等深积岩、砂屑等深积岩、粉屑等深积岩和灰泥等深积岩4种类型,识别出较完整的、由单一灰泥或粉屑或砂屑等深积岩叠置组成的4种等深积岩层序。等深流的流向从东北向西南方向,说明中奥陶世富平地区可能是秦岭北侧弧后盆地伸进浅水台地的一个北东向的深海前槽。富平赵老峪地区下奥陶统马家沟组和华北地块其他地区一样都发育浅水台地相碳酸盐岩,中奥陶统突变为深水斜坡-盆地边缘相的碳酸盐岩重力流及等深流沉积,而同期华北地块主体隆升为陆,反映了在扬子板块向华北板块俯冲的背景下,秦岭北侧早古生代弧后盆地北测的陷落下沉作用。     

微亮晶(臼齿)碳酸盐岩:21世纪全球地学研究的新热点

国际地质对比计划委员会批准启动了 IGCP44 7-元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩和地球演化项目 ( 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 5 )〔1〕。本文简要地回顾了臼齿碳酸盐岩的研究历史和最新进展。臼齿碳酸盐岩是一种具有类似大象臼齿的肠状褶皱构造的岩石 ,具有特殊的时限范围 (中 -新元古代 )。试图解释其成因和可能用于古大陆地层对比是本项目研究的重要课题 ,其重要意义还在于它们是解决前寒武纪生物学和地球化学事件的关键。臼齿碳酸盐岩的发育和衰退关系到地球生命起源和海洋碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学的突变。 87Sr/86 Sr年龄同位素测定证明 ,微亮晶 (臼齿 )碳酸盐消失的时限很可能为75 0 Ma。另外 ,中 -新元古代碳酸盐岩地层具有重要的生烃潜力。     

华北秦皇岛地区柳江盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩多期白云化作用

华北秦皇岛地区的中奥陶统马家沟组以广泛发育海相白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩和白云岩为特征。在石门寨奥陶系亮甲山剖面,马家沟组自下而上识别出四类碳酸盐岩:含白云石泥晶灰岩（类型I）、细-粉晶白云岩（类型II）、“麦粒状”细-粉晶白云岩（类型III）和钙质泥晶白云岩（类型IV）。类型I主要由泥晶方解石构成,含三叶虫和介形类生物碎片,少量自形的粉晶白云石呈“漂浮状”分布于压溶缝合线内,基质中少见。岩相学和地球化学特征表明此类白云石形成于埋藏成岩期压溶作用之后,压溶缝为云化流体提供通道,压溶缝内泥质组分的成岩转化可能为白云化作用提供了部分镁离子来源;类型II白云岩主要由自形、半自形不等粒粉晶-细晶白云石构成,白云石普遍具有“雾心亮边”,在背散射和阴极发光照片中白云石可见清晰的多圈亮、暗相间环带。环带和带间主量元素的差异表明白云石经历了埋藏成岩期多期成岩流体的改造;类型III白云岩中白云石呈单向延伸的“米粒”或“麦粒”状,粉晶为主,晶体长轴方向具有垂直结晶轴c的特点,白云石具富铁、贫锰、锶的特点,长、短对角线上钙、镁离子的微小差异以及阴极发光特征表明此类白云石也经历了埋藏成岩期的改造,成岩流体使白云石发生微溶作用可能是导致白云石晶体单向延伸且光学性质固定取向的主要原因;类型IV为钙质泥晶球粒白云岩,含石膏假晶,白云石多为微晶和微亮晶,球粒也多由微晶白云石构成,溶孔发育,但全被亮晶贫铁方解石充填,此类岩石的白云化作用发生得很早,可能形成于潮上带澙湖或潮坪环境。综上所述,研究区马家沟组碳酸盐岩具有经历了不同类型及多期白云化作用的特点。自剖面底部向顶部,白云石的有序度由0.8降至0.47,而去云化作用则呈现逐渐增强的趋势。     

南水北调中线工程不同调水规模对汉江中下游影响分析

南水北调中线工程是解决我国北方地区水资源紧缺的重大战略措施。但调水将给汉江中下游的水文情势及用水带来一定的影响。文章分析了丹江口水库不同调水方案对汉江中下游水位、流量及灌溉和航运的影响,并提出补偿工程措施。调水６０×１０８ｍ３对汉江中下游的影响较小,可基本不予补偿;调水１５０×１０８ｍ３的影响稍重,但对航运和灌溉用水的影响不大,适当补偿可以解决;调水２３０×１０８ｍ３对汉江中下游水位流量及用水的影响十分严重,必须全部渠化并修建江汉运河。     

The Požarevac loess–paleosol sequence: a record of increased aridity in the south-eastern margin of the Carpathian Basin during the last 350 ka

The loess sequence preserved in the Požarevac brickyard in north-eastern Serbia comprises eight loess units separated by seven paleosols. Geochronological investigation using amino acid racemization and luminescence dating support stratigraphic correlations of loess units L3, S2LL1 and L1 at the Požarevac section with loess of glacial cycles E [Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 10], D (MIS 9–8), C (MIS 7–6) and B (MIS 5–2) across central Europe. Correlation with the marine oxygen-isotope stratigraphy and associated paleoclimatic inferences are further supported by magnetic susceptibility, particle size and carbonate content measured in Požarevac sediments. Malacological investigations at the Požarevac section reveal the continuous presence of the Chondrula tridens and Helicopsis striata faunal assemblages throughout the last 350 ka. The loess malacological fauna, which is characterized by the complete absence of cold-resistant and cold-preferring species, suggests a stable, dry and relatively warm glacial and interglacial climate, compared with other central European loess localities. Together these data suggest that the south-eastern part of the Carpathian (Pannonian, Middle Danube) Basin was a refugium for warm-preferring and xerophilous land-snails during the generally unfavorable glacial climates of the late Middle and Late Pleistocene.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Introduction to Climatology for the Tropics . J. O. Ayoade. Conservation and Management of Natural Resources in the United States . Charles F. Bennett. The Keeping of Animals: Adaptation and Social Relations in Livestock Producing Communities . Riva Berleant-Schiller and Eugenia Shanklin, ed. The Evolution of Geographic Thought in America: A Kentucky Root Wilford A. Bladen and Pradyumna P. Karan, eds. Latin America: Geographical Perspectives , 2nd ed. Harold Blakemore and Clifford T. Smith, ed. The Rural Real Estate Market. Department of Geography Publication Series, No. 18 . Chris Bryant. Urban Geomorphology in Drylands . R. U. Cooke, D. Brunsden, J. C. Doornkamp, and D. K. C. Jones with contributions by J. Griffiths, P. Knott, R. Potter, and R. Russell. Italian Geography, 1960–1980. Meeting of the Status of the Geographic Research in Italy, 1960–1980. Treated under the auspices of Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and organized by Istituto di Geografia Umana della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Giacomo Corna Pellecrini and Carlo Brusa, eds. The Changing Fenland . H. C. Darby. The Future for the City Centre . R. L. Davies and A. G. Champion, eds. Saudi Arabia, Energy, Developmental Planning, and Industrialization . Ragaei El Mallakh, Dorothea H. El Mallakh, eds. For We Are Sold, I and My People: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier . Maria Patricia Fernández-Kelly. The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History . Susan L. Flader, ed. Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution: A Geography of the Yorkshire Woolen Industry . Derek Gregory Crime in City Politics . Anne Heinz, Herbert Jacob and Robert L. Lineberry, eds. Revitalizing Cities . H. Briavel Holcomb and Robert A. Beauregard. Cartographic Relief Presentation . Eduard Imhof. H. J. Steward, Trans. Soviet Union: A Geographical Survey . S. V. Kalesnik and V. F. Pavlenko, ed. Cognition and Environment . Stephen Kaplan and Rachel Kaplan. Environmental Protection: The International Dimension . David A. Kay and Harold K. Jacobsen, eds. Mathematical Programming Methods for Geographers and Planners , James Killen. Gentrification Amid Urban Decline: Strategies for America's Older Cities . Michael H. Lang. The North Atlantic Sulphur System . Risto Laulajainen. The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel, Vol. 2 . Lee I. Levine ed. Jerusalem and Detroit: Recreation Planning and Management . Stanely R. Lieber and Daniel R. Fesenmaier, eds. Heartland and Hinterland: A Geography of Canada . L. D. McCann, ed. Scarborough Where We Live: The Residential Districts of Minneapolis and St. Paul . Judith A. Martin and David A. Lanegran. California: The Geography of Diversity . Crane S. Miller and Richard S. Hyslop. Palo Alto The Dilemma of Amazonian Development . Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder Nuclear Waste: Socioeconomic Dimensions of Long-Term Storage . Steve H. Murdock, F. Larry Leistritz, and Rita R. Hamm, eds. Boulder Communism and the Politics of Inequalities . Daniel N. Nelson, ed. The Los Angeles Metropolis . Howard J. Nelson. Dubuque An Historical Geography of Urban System Development: Tidewater Virginia in the 18th Century . James O'Mara. Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre . East Asia: Geographical and Historical Approaches to Foreign Area Studies . Clifton W. Pannell, ed. Dubuque Mackinder: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft . W. H. Parker. Beyond the Urban Fringe: Land Use Issues of Nonmetropolitan America . Rutherford H. Platt and George Macinko, eds. Recreation Geography of the USSR . V. S. Preobrazhensky and V. M. Krivosheyev, eds. Missouri: A Geography . Milton D. Rafferty The Invisible Farmers: Women in Agricultural Production . Carolyn E. Sachs. Cayman Islands Seashore Vegetation: A Study in Comparative Biogeography . Jonathan D. Sauer. Hillslope Materials and Processes . Michael J. Selby. Housing in Britain: The Post-War Experience . John R. Short The Study of Population: Elements, Patterns and Processes . George A. Schnell and Mark Stephen Monmonier. Columbus The Soviet Union: A Systematic Geography . Leslie Symons, ed. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression . Ehud R. Toledano. The Impact of Recession on Industry, Employment and the Regions, 1976–1981 . Alan R. Townsend. Landslides and Their Control , 2nd ed. Quido Záruba and Vojtech Mencl. Translated from the Czech by H. Zárubová and V. Mencl.