莱州湾E孔中更新世末期以来的地球化学特征

对1994年在莱州湾沿岸所取的E孔(37°07'N,118°55'E,孔深为821m)岩心进行了地球化学研究.用等离子光谱法测量了9个常量元素、15个微量元素和碳酸钙的含量.结果表明,(1)E孔大部分常量元素、微量元素含量、尤其元素特征比值(Mn/Fe,Sr/Ba,Sr/Ca,Ti/Al)在地层分界处都有明显变化,可作为该区第四纪地层划分的重要指标;(2)常量元素含量变化主要受宿主矿物控制,主要反映物质来源,同时也反映沉积作用和沉积环境,Fe,Al,Ca,Mg,Mn,Ti对物源和环境反映较为敏感;(3)微量元素在中更新世末期、最后间冰期、最后冰期和全新世四个不同沉积时期分布特征不同,尤其在气候“冷期”和“暖期”有不同分布规律;大多数微量元素含量变化旋回曲线之“波谷”对应着沙层沉积,有6个沙层代表“暖期”沉积,1个沙层代表“冷期”沉积;(4)E孔在冰期低海面时期风成粉砂沉积中碳酸钙含量偏高,间冰期时海侵沙层中碳酸钙的含量偏低,碳酸钙含量变化与粒度和沉积物类型有关,对气候、环境和地层划分有良好的指示.     

阿尔泰造山带南缘中泥盆世苦橄岩及其大地构造和岩石学意义

阿尔泰造山带南缘中泥盆世苦橄岩位于北塔山组地层的下部, 其上依次为玄武岩和安山岩.3种岩性共同的特点是贫钛、富铁, 具Nb和Ta的负异常以及高场强元素的丰度与MORB相当, 具有典型的岛弧火山岩系的特点, 是准噶尔洋板块向南西俯冲的结果.苦橄岩和玄武岩的Zr/Nb和Sm/Nd比值与MORB相当, 表明其源区为亏损的MORB源.然而玄武岩的Ti/V和Zr/Sm比值均高于苦橄岩, 而且玄武岩的稀土元素配分曲线呈平缓型, 而苦橄岩则显示出低的稀土总量以及弱富集轻稀土型, 指示了玄武岩是被从俯冲的洋壳释放的流体交代的含角闪石的尖晶石橄榄岩的地幔源区低程度部分熔融形成的, 苦橄岩则是在高温条件下被流体交代过的石榴石橄榄岩高程度熔融的产物.安山岩则可能是榴辉岩部分熔融形成的.      

Several distinct wet periods since 420 ka in the Namib Desert inferred from U-series dates of speleothems

The scarcity of numerical dates of the arid areas in southern Africa is a challenge for reconstructing paleoclimate. This paper presents a chronological reconstruction in the central part of the Namib Desert, Namibia, for the last 420,000 yr. It is based on ²³⁰Th/U dates (TIMS) from a large stalagmite and a thick flowstone layer in a small cave located in the hyper-arid central Namib Desert. The results provide for the first time evidence of three or possibly four succeeding wet periods of decreasing intensity since 420 ka through which speleothem deposited at approximately 420–385 ka, 230–207 ka and 120–117 ka following the 100-ka Milankovitch cycle. Speleothem growth was not recorded for the Holocene. These wet periods interrupted the predominantly dry climate of the Namib Desert and coincided with wet phases in deserts of the northern hemisphere in the Murzuq Basin, Sahara, the Negev, Israel, the Nafud Desert, Saudi Arabia, and the arid northern Oman, Arabian Peninsula.     

Petrogenesis and geochronology of Mishao peraluminous I-type granites,Shalair valley area,NE Iraq

The Shalair area, which is located in northeastern Iraq, is considered to be part of the northern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SaSZ) and contains several granitoid bodies. One of these bodies, the Mishao porphyritic-granite (MG), was crystallized at 111.6?±?2.4 Ma, based on its zircon U-Pb age. Its geochemical characteristics suggest that the MG rocks are calc-alkaline, peraluminous, I-type granites with microgranular mafic enclaves. They are enriched in SiO₂, Na₂O, Al₂O₃ and Zr and depleted in MgO, Fe₂O₃, Nb and Ti; in contrast, the enclave sample records lower SiO₂ content and higher contents of MgO and Fe₂O₃. These rocks show an enrichment of LREE relative to HREE, and pronounced negative Eu anomalies implying feldspar fractionation. The isotopic and geochemical characteristics of the MG samples suggest that these rocks are evolved through fractional crystallization. In the La/Nb-Nb diagram and Sm/Nd ratios, the MG rocks and the enclave samples exhibit strong evidence for crustal contamination. The MG rocks record high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.70625–0.70740) and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd(i) (0.51235–0.51274) ratios. These Sr-Nd isotopic data, combined with the presence of high Th/U and Rb/Sr ratios and significant depletions of Nb, Ta and Ti, show a relation of these bodies to an active continental margin regime. Based on the age and geochemical data of the MG, this study presents new information about the occurrence of Middle Cretaceous magmatic activities, which are related to the active continental margins in the SaSZ that run parallel to the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt.     

共轭梯度法在新井参数设计中的应用

通常情况下,含水层的参数可分别借助于Dupuit和Theis井流公式,在局部地段利用稳定流和非稳定流抽水试验获得.在新井设计阶段,一般是依据现有参照井数据进行线性或非线性插值计算,但插值受插值表的约束,效率不高.本次研究采用2次优化方法,用网格法确定所求参数最优估计值作为下一步的叠代初值.用共轭梯度法逐步逼近所求参数的精确解,高效地利用参照井的基本数据得到了精度较高的新井参数,为准确地设计新井提供可靠的依据,实地应用效果良好.     

Fault zone characteristics,fracture systems and permeability implications of Middle Triassic Muschelkalk in Southwest Germany

Fault zone structure and lithology affect permeability of Triassic Muschelkalk limestone-marl-alternations in Southwest Germany, a region characterized by a complex tectonic history. Field studies of eight fault zones provide insights into fracture system parameters (orientation, density, aperture, connectivity, vertical extension) within fault zone units (fault core, damage zone). Results show decreasing fracture lengths with distances to the fault cores in well-developed damage zones. Fracture connectivity at fracture tips is enhanced in proximity to the slip surfaces, particularly caused by shorter fractures. Different mechanical properties of limestone and marl layers obviously affect fracture propagation and thus fracture system connectivity and permeability. Fracture apertures are largest parallel and subparallel to fault zones and prominent regional structures (e.g., Upper Rhine Graben) leading to enhanced fracture-induced permeabilities. Mineralized fractures and mineralizations in fault cores indicate past fluid flow. Permeability is increased by the development of hydraulically active pathways across several beds (non-stratabound fractures) to a higher degree than by the formation of fractures interconnected at fracture tips. We conclude that there is an increase of interconnected fractures and fracture densities in proximity to the fault cores. This is particularly clear in more homogenous rocks. The results help to better understand permeability in Muschelkalk rocks.     

The Middle Pleistocene terraces of the central Waveney valley,Earsham, south Norfolk,UK

Although substantial work has been done on the pre-glacial terraces of East Anglia, very little systematic work has been done to understand the origin of river terraces in East Anglia that have formed since ice last covered the region. This paper records the results of studies of exposures and borehole records in ‘classical’ Quaternary terrace landforms that are considered to have formed since the Anglian (MIS 12) Glaciation, in the middle Waveney Valley. These features have been examined in terms of their morphological and sedimentological properties, in order to provide a detailed record of their form and composition, understand their processes of formation, and identify their stratigraphical status. The results show that the main body of the highest terrace (Homersfield Terrace, Terrace 3) is not composed of river sediments, but of shallow marine sediments, and is a remnant of early Middle Pleistocene Wroxham Crag. River sediments, in the form of Anglian age (MIS 12) glaciofluvial Aldeby Sands and Gravels also exist in the area as a channel fill, cut through the Wroxham Crag, and reflect outwash erosion and sedimentation from a relatively proximal ice margin to the west. The results mean that the interpretations previously presented for the terrace landforms of the middle Waveney valley are not applicable. The issue of why the terrace stratigraphy, hitherto identified in East Anglia cannot be related to that for the River Thames to the south and the rivers of Midland England to the west, still requires further research.     

Analysis of Vertical Sedimentary Successions in the Lower Part of Kelimoli Formation,Middle Ordovician,Zhuozishan Area

There is significance to study high-frequency cyclicity thin-bedded limestone which deposited in carbonate ramp and deep-water basin for its well record of astronomic cycles. And there is an ideal section for these studies in the lower part of Kelimoli Formation, in Darriwilian Stage, Middle Ordovician of western Ordos Basin(Zhuozishan area in Inner Mongolia) for its well rhythmic alternations of thin-bedded limestones and mudstones. This work focused on detailed vertical sedimentary successions analysis of these thin-bedded limestones based on detailed field work, as well as the data of rare earth elements and other related trace elements in limestones. The results show as follows: ① there are four types of sedimentary successions(bundles) in thin-bedded limestones, including thinning-upward succession, thickening-upward succession, bidirectional succession(thickening- and thinning-upward) and waving-upward succession; ② the section consists of 145 limestone-mudstone rhythmics, 33 bundles and 7 superbundles; ③ the variation in(La/Nd)_N and Mn/Fe molar ratios of limestones along with depth have a similar trend which decreases from bottom to top in general, but have some anomalies distribution; ④ the variation in REE concentrations and Eu anomalies along with depth have a perfect enantiomorphous relationship as well as coupling with the molar ratios of(La/Nd)_N; ⑤ the variation of crystal size, V/Cr and V/(V+Ni) molar ratios also have a similar trend which is increasing and then decreasing from bottom to top, and have some local enantiomorphous relationship with the molar ratios of(La/Nd)_N in the overall similar distribution patterns. Some conclusion can be drawn according to the types of sedimentary successions and its distribution in profile as well as the ratios of some geochemical parameter along depth based on previous works. These include: ① thickening-upward and bidirectional successions maybe reflect the intensity of tectonism and contour current which is controlled by Milankovitch cycle respectively, and the rising of sea level may be was responsible both for the thinning-upward and waving-upward successions; ② the intensity of contour current which is controlled by Milankovitch cycle was acted throughout the depositions, and the range of deposition time is not less than 2.9 Ma; ③ the vertical sedimentary evolution is perhaps controlled by the alternating of tectonism and rising sea levels, and the section suggests two tectonic stages.     

塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系盖层评价及对油气盖层有利区的优选

【研究目的】塔里木盆地台盆区中寒武统发育大面积的膏盐岩、膏质泥岩和膏质云岩地层,探讨该套地层的油气封盖能力和展布可为塔里木盆地寒武系盐下领域的勘探提供依据。【研究方法】对4口井的44个岩心样品进行镜下薄片、物性参数和突破压力测试。通过建立各参数之间的关系,定量地对研究区中寒武统不同岩性岩石的封盖能力进行评价;结合二维地震和14口钻井资料对研究区中寒武统膏盐岩、膏质泥岩和膏质云岩地层的厚度进行研究;最终综合研究区中寒武统微观和宏观的评价结果,并以实际钻井的勘探情况作为约束,建立针对该研究区盖层封盖能力的综合评价方式。【研究结果】研究结果认为膏盐岩相比膏质泥岩与膏质云岩具有更好的封盖能力,但断裂和石膏的埋藏地质条件会影响盖层的封盖能力。其中阿瓦提凹陷、塔中隆起北部、满西低凸起南部以及巴楚隆起中北部膏盐岩盖层厚度较大,以巴楚隆起北部为中心,膏盐岩厚度向四周呈不规则状递减,环绕状分布。【结论】认为阿瓦提凹陷、满西低凸起西部和南部、塔中隆起北部和西部,以及塔北隆起中部为盖层发育的有利区。     

New specimens of Stenocybus acidentatus (Therapsida: Dinocephalia) from the Middle Permian Dashankou Fauna of China

The basal dinocephalian clade Stenocybusidae was known from two incomplete specimens representing one generus,Stenocybus,from Dashankou fanua in Yumen,Gansu Province of China.The holotype of Stenocybus acidentatus is laterally compressed,making some characters unclear.Here we describe two new specimens of Stenocybus acidentatus from the same locality,an anterior portion of skull with articulated jaws,and a right dentary with nearly complete dentition.They show some detailed features on the morphology of the premaxilla,maxilla,nasal,external nares and dentary.The phylogenetic relationship between Stenocybus acidentatus and the relatively large Sinophoneus yumenensis is still difficult to determine,and needs more new complete material and further evidences.