柴达木盆地6.0kaB.P.,2.5kaB.P.和现代的植被覆盖度重建

研究区位于青海柴达木盆地及其邻近地区,本文利用MODIS的植被覆盖度栅格数据,对区内的286个表土花粉样品进行覆盖度估算的误差与精度检验,并且选取了尕海湖和青海湖6.0kaB.P.,2.5kaB.P.和现代的3个时间片段进行裸地、草地和乔木覆盖度变化的研究。冰消期以来的气候变化必然导致荒漠－草原－森林草原的边界发生位移,钻孔第四纪花粉数据的植被覆盖度重建是一个新的尝试,它可以为该地区植被带的位移和季风变化提供重要的环境替代指标。本文采用经验正交函数(EOF)对多变量花粉数据进行了组合变换,然后采用弦距离类比法获得覆盖度的定量重建值。两个钻孔的花粉－覆盖度转换结果清楚地揭示出柴达木盆地6.0kaB.P. 时期较为湿润,而2.5kaB.P.和现代较为干旱,其中青海湖在6.0kaB.P.的乔木覆盖度达到6.13%,而到了2.5kaB.P.和现代降至0.5%左右。尕海的草地覆盖度在6.0kaB.P.达到46.87%,而到了2.5kaB.P. 降至21.75%和现今的0%。本研究结果证明,采用表土花粉数据作为标准数据集来进行古代植被覆盖度转换是可行的,该方法相对于A/C比值对指示干旱程度方面更具有说服力,在季风边缘区和农牧交错带的环境变迁定量化研究方面具有较大的潜力。     

Holocene Saline Sedimentary Record in Tibetan Dong Co (Lake) and Its Significance on Palaeoclimate

HOLOCENE SALINE SEDIMENTARY RECORD IN TIBETAN DONG CO(LAKE) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ON PALAEOCLIMATE     

广西沿海全新世以来气候变化

本文根据孢粉分析，有孔虫氧同位素分析，历史记载及现代气温观测资料，综合资料广西沿海全新世以来的气候变化，经过研究，初步划分了本区全新世以来的７个气候期，在晚全新世内，进一步划分了７个气候亚期，早全新世，中全新的气候变化具有１５００－２０００ａ周期，晚全新世界的气候变化具有５００－１０００ａ周期，晚全新世中－晚期的气候变化具２００ａ周期，２００ａ来的气候变化呈冷，热交替出现，具有１０－２０ａ或３０－     

怒江断裂带邦达断裂中段全新世活动证据及其古地震记录

活动断裂带常是大地震的发震构造,并诱发地质灾害,产生黏滑位错和蠕滑变形,并形成断裂破碎带,进而对城市和工程安全直接造成威胁。因此,厘定活动断裂的空间几何展布、活动性对工程地质研究和防灾减灾具有重要的指导意义。通过遥感解译、错断地貌、槽探和14C测年,对怒江断裂带邦达断裂中段的发育分布特征与活动性进行了调查研究。结果表明：邦达断裂中段在1457±51 a BP/1598±47 a BP 发生过古地震事件,为引发中强地震的全新世活动断裂。断裂活动主要受控于川滇菱形块体的南向逃逸挤出和印度板块NEE向直接挤压作用,表现为走滑兼有逆冲分量的高角度活动断裂。该研究为了解怒江断裂带邦达断裂中段活动性和工程抗震设防提供了基础资料。     

Vegetation and fire history since the last glacial maximum in an inland area of the western Mediterranean Basin (Northern Iberian Plateau,NW Spain)

We reconstructed vegetation responses to climate oscillations, fire and human activities since the last glacial maximum in inland NW Iberia, where previous paleoecological research is scarce. Extremely sparse and open vegetation composed of steppic grasslands and heathlands with scattered pioneer trees suggests very cold and dry conditions during the Oldest Dryas, unsuitable for tree survival in the surroundings of the study site. Slight woodland expansion during the Bølling/Allerød was interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling. Pinewoods dominated for most of the early Holocene, when a marked increase in fire activity occurred. Deciduous trees expanded later reaching their maximum representation during the mid-Holocene. Enhanced fire activity and the presence of coprophilous fungi around 6400–6000 cal yr BP suggest an early human occupation around the site. However, extensive deforestation only started at 4500 cal yr BP, when fire was used to clear the tree canopy. Final replacement of woodlands with heathlands, grasslands and cereal crops occurred from 2700 cal yr BP onwards due to land-use intensification. Our paleoecological record can help efforts aimed at restoring the natural vegetation by indicating which communities were dominant at the onset of heavy human impact, thus promoting the recovery of currently rare oak and alder stands.     

全新世湖泊沉积物TOC、C/N和δ^13Corg对千年尺度气候变化的响应

湖泊沉积物有机地化指标在古气候解释中具有复杂性和多解性。TOC、C/N和δ^13Corg作为3种常用的有机地化指标,现已广泛运用于东、中亚全新世气候变化研究中。以这3种指标为例综述了东、中亚全新世湖泊沉积有机地化指标的变化机制及影响因素。根据数据的综合分析与对比,大部分湖泊全新世沉积物TOC百分含量较高时,C／N比值也较高。这与沉积物有机质的来源有关,因两者TOC和C／N作用机制不同,也存在少数湖泊,其两者对应关系不明显;同一湖泊δ^13Corg与TOC及δ^13Corg与C／N对应关系相似;由于不同区域影响有机地化指标的因素不同,TOC、C／N和δ1^3Corg间的关系存在区域差异,据此可将研究区分为中纬度地区、青藏高原区和低纬度季风区。上述区域规律存在于研究中所选的大部分湖泊,由于有机地化指标作用机理的复杂性,也存在不符合这种规律的湖泊,因而上述结论有待于进一步讨论。     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate and geomorphic histories as interpreted from a 23,000 C yr B.P. paleosol and floodplain soils, southeastern West Virginia, USA

Field, micromorphological, pollen, whole soil (XRF), and stable isotope geochemical methods were used to evaluate the latest Pleistocene to Holocene climate record from a floodplain-terrace system in southeastern West Virginia. A late Pleistocene (22,940 ± 150 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) silt paleosol with low-chroma colors formed from fluviolacustrine sediment deposited during the last glacial maximum (Wisconsinan) and records a cooler full-glacial paleoclimate. Fluvial gravel deposited between the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene (prior to 6360 ± 40 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) was weathered in the middle Holocene under warmer, drier climate conditions, possibly correlated with the Hypsithermal and Altithermal Events of the eastern and southwestern United States, respectively. The glacial to interglacial climate shift is recorded by: (1) changes from a poorly drained landscape with fine-textured soil, characterized by high organic C and redoximorphic features related to Fe removal and concentration, to a well-drained, coarse-textured setting without gley and with significant argillic (Bt) horizon development; (2) changes from a high Zr and Ti silt-dominated parent material to locally derived, coarse fluvial gravels lower in Zr and Ti; (3) a shift from dominantly conifer and sedge pollen in the paleosol to a modern oak/hickory hardwood assemblage; and (4) a shift in δ¹³C values of soil organic matter from −28‰ to −24‰ PDB, suggesting an ecosystem shift from cooler, C3-dominated flora to one that was mixed C3 and C4, but still predominantly composed of C3 plants. A root-restrictive placic horizon developed between the late Pleistocene silt paleosol and the overlying fluvial gravel because of the high permeability contrast between the two textures of soil materials. This layer formed a barrier that effectively isolated the Pleistocene paleosol from later Holocene pedogenic processes.     

河北白洋淀全新统沉积特征与地层划分

通过对河北白洋淀老河头剖面全新世沉积物岩性特征、地层层序、粒度组成及微体古生物组合等进行综合研究,重建了白洋淀全新世以来的环境演变过程。全新世以来白洋淀沉积特征所反映的气候环境特征表现为早期开始出现湖沼相沉积,气候寒冷偏湿;中期湖泊沉积发育,气候温暖湿润;晚期湖泊退缩,以河流-沼泽相沉积为主,气候向凉干转变。综合沉积特征、环境演变阶段与加速器质谱(AMS)14C测年资料对白洋淀全新统沉积序列进行系统分析,并将全新统划分为三段:下全新统(11000—8500 a)以灰黄色粉砂质粘土、粉砂为主,夹黑色粘土,冲积-湖沼相沉积发育;中全新统(8500—3200 a)为灰黑色粘土夹粘土质粉砂,湖沼相沉积发育;上全新统(3200 a~)以黄色、褐黄色粉细砂、粘土质粉砂为主,冲积-沼泽相沉积发育。白洋淀全新统中段含有黑色粘土沉积和大量微体与腹足、双壳类等古生物化石,为华北地区全新世地层的划分及区域对比提供了依据。     

青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖全新世湖面波动

青藏高原处于东亚季风、印度季风和西风环流交互作用区.末次冰消期以来,太阳辐射对该地区的古气候环境产生了重要影响,湖泊随着季风系统的变化发生了明显的水位升降,对湖岸阶地的形成起到了直接作用.本项研究重建了青藏高原东北缘冬给错纳湖湖岸阶地记录的湖面波动历史,试图了解青藏高原季风系统演变过程.通过湖泊北岸265 cm厚湖岸阶地沉积物粒度、碳酸盐、矿物、元素和介形虫古环境指标,结合OSL年代模式,分析表明在约10. 2 ka B. P.之前水体较浅;约10. 2~9. 0 ka B. P.湖面开始上升,气候凉湿;9. 0~8. 5 ka B. P.为印度季风强盛期,湖面明显上升,降雨量增高、温度上升;8. 5~7. 9 ka B. P.湖面降低与气候变冷有关;7. 9~7. 0 ka B. P.印度季风开始减弱,气温、降雨下降,但有效湿度较大,湖面降低;7. 0~6. 1 ka B. P.湖面上升可能与低蒸发作用有关,印度季风仍然影响该地区;6. 1~5. 2 ka B. P.,印度季风衰退,气候逐渐变冷、降雨量减小、水体变浅;5. 2~4. 6 ka B. P.气候冷干,有效湿度减小,湖面进一步下降;4. 6 ka B. P.至今气候干冷,东亚季风衰退,湖面下降,期间也可能受西风环流影响而有短暂的降雨增加时期.     

新疆玛纳斯河蘑菇湖沉积物中粘土矿物及其环境意义

大量研究表明粘土矿物可以作为研究环境演变的载体。玛纳斯河蘑菇湖剖面位于新疆石河子市附近的一个砖厂内,本文利用x衍射法分析了该剖面的粘土矿物的类型与含量变化。这些粘土矿物主要由伊利石、蒙皂石、高岭石和绿泥石组成。对粘土矿物含量的变化分析和对比表明,玛纳斯河流域全新世气候演变可划分为4个阶段。即6．2～9．1 ka BP与1．8—3．6 ka BP为温暖湿润期,0～1．8 ka BP与3．6～6．2 ka BP为干冷期。