王588块泥浆污染深穿透酸液研究与评价

王588块钻井泥浆污染主要是固相入侵和滤液与地层水的不配伍性。通过实验,优选出了具有高效深穿透能力以及固相溶解量大的表面活性剂DS-101酸液复配体系。实验表明,该体系耐温性强,对油泥具有极强的分散和溶解作用,对泥浆污染有明显的解堵效果,岩心渗透率恢复率可达127%。     

石油污染对黄河口沉积物工程性质的影响

对黄河口胜利油田某油井附近沉积物进行石油污染状况调查研究,采用坑探试验现场调查污染范围,发现油井沉积物在一定范围内存在石油污染,污染多在0.2～1.5 m深度内,水平距离在140～440 m之间.原位测试污染沉积物强度,取样进行室内石油浓度和沉积物物理力学指标测试.石油污染沉积物物理力学性质与未污染的有较大差别,污染后沉积物的重度、渗透系数和强度等均有所降低.污染后的沉积物结构,多成块状和板状结构.     

台湾屏东县东港溪拦溪对其周边地下水水质及水产养殖的影响

为了解设于屏东县新园乡界河以东港溪上的拦河堰对当地地下水的影响进行一系列研究.首先对台湾西南沿海的屏东县新园乡1989年10月东港溪拦溪建堰前后地下水水质及等水位线数据进行了分析,同时逐月收集东港溪拦溪堰周边的佳冬乡养殖池所用的井水、池水、浮游生物、日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)及虾等数据,进行分析与比较.此外,用以上2个乡的地下水进行了鳗鲡幼苗水族箱养殖试验,并检验分析试验后的鳗鱼.各项分析结果表明,拦溪堰的兴建使新园乡的地下水水位降低,附近污染河川的水渗入了地下,对养殖生物的健康产生不同程度的影响.因此建议,在旱季应减少对东港溪拦溪堰水的抽取量;台湾西部尤其是新园乡的水产养殖活动应予以减少.     

石油污染土壤对向日葵生长的影响

以美国油料向日葵G101为材料,通过田间试验,研究了土壤石油污染质量浓度为10 000 mg/kg时,对向日葵生理性状、产量性状、农艺性状及籽仁质量的影响。结果表明:石油污染土壤对向日葵群体叶面指数从苗期至成熟期均有显著影响。葵盘直径、茎秆直径、株高、叶片数、百粒重和生物量分别缩小或降低10.7%、7.4%、7.2%、10.0%、16.7%和21%;空秕率提高2.4倍;对根系与地上部分的抑制作用无显著差异。该污染浓度下石油对向日葵发芽出苗率,籽仁中粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量无显著影响;葵盘腐烂病发生率、分枝发生率有所提高。     

The management of sewage sludge by the water industry in England and Wales

Summary The legislative framework within which the disposal of sewage sludge is managed in England and Wales and the methods employed are outlined. Those factors which affect management decisions are analysed and consideration is given to the environmental implications of those decisions. Sewage processes and sludge disposal are considered, and the problems, especially those of heavy metal contamination, are addressed. An indication is given as to how the Water Services Companies are likely to implement the more stringent controls on disposal. Finally, the future of sludge management in England and Wales is discussed.Abbreviations BAT Best available technology - BATNEEC Best available technology not entailing excessive cost - BOD₅ Biochemical oxygen demand - BPEO Best practicable environmental option - CBI Confederation of British Industry - CEST Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology - COD Chemical oxygen demand - CSC Customer Services Committee - DAF Dissolved air flotation - DG Director General - DoE Department of the Environment - DS Dried solids     

微生物地球化学探矿—蜡样芽孢杆菌法寻找金,铀矿的试验研究

壤中蜡样芽孢杆菌找矿法是微生物地球化学探矿方法之一。本文叙述了蜡样芽孢杆菌法的找矿原理、野外工作方法、室内测量技术、野外初步试验的地质效果以及测量中应注意的若干问题。在已知隐伏金矿床（点）和铀矿床（点）上测得了明显的蜡样芽孢杆菌计数异常，并在４６０铀（钼）矿床外围的铀矿化远景地段进行了试验，地质效果较为理想。     

Physical and chemical characteristics of a metal-contaminated overbank deposit,west-central South Dakota,U.S.A.

A metal-contaminated overbank deposit in west-central South Dakota resulted from the discharge of a large volume of mine tailings into a river system between the late 1800s and 1977. The deposit along the Belle Fourche River is typically up to 2 m thick and extends about 90 m away from the channel along the insides of meander bends. The sediments contain above-background levels of copper, iron, manganese, zinc, and particularly arsenic, which is commonly two orders of magnitude above background level in the contaminated sediments. Carbonate minerals in the deposit limit the desorption of arsenic by preventing acid formation. Arsenic concentrations provide a measure of the dilution of mine tailings by uncontaminated sediment. The arsenic appears to have been transported and deposited as arsenopyrite, but is now at least partially associated with iron oxides and hydroxides. Within individual samples, arsenic concentration has an inverse relation with grain size that results from the more efficient accumulation of arsenic on the greater surface area of the smaller particles. Arsenic concentration is inversely related to the sample weight percent finer than 16 μm, however, as a consequence of the dilution of the contaminated sediments by uncontaminated sediment with a finer grain-size distribution. Dilution by uncontaminated sediment from tributaries cause arsenic concentrations to decrease by a factor of 3 along 100 km of floodplain. An influx at high streamflow of uncontaminated sediment from terraces and the premining floodplain as well as from tributaries causes arsenic concentrations in parts of the contaminated deposit that are farthest away from the channel to be two to three times less than arsenic concentrations in overbank sediment that is immediately adjacent to the channel.     

Determination of arsenic(III) for the investigation of the microbial oxidation of arsenic(III) to arsenic(V)

Recent evaluations of acute and chronical toxicity of arsenic resulted in a reduction of the standard value for total arsenic from 40 μg/L to 10 μg/L in drinking water which will be valid in Germany after a transition period as from January 1996. Arsenic is well known as substance of deep groundwaters, mainly of geogenic origin and normally found as As(III) or As(V). As(V) is well removable by flocculation and filtration after adding iron salts. As(III), however, has to be oxidized first to As(V). Therefore, it is important for treatment techniques to be able to distinguish between As(III) and As(V). A modified determination of As(III) using flow injection analysis was installed and optimized in order to investigate whether As(III) may be oxidized to As(V) by bacteria in natural waters. The results showed that at 4°C, no As(III)-oxidation was observed within 14 days. At room temperature, however, in the bacteria-containing samples, an As(III)-oxidation was found starting after 3 to 7 days. After 14 days, no As(III) was left over. In contrast, in the sterile samples, no As(III)-oxidation could be observed within 14 days. These results demonstrated that microbial processes influence the oxidation of As(III) to As(V) in natural waters.     

地下水有机污染的环境伦理思考

主要介绍地下水有机污染的现状和危害,并结合环境伦理的宗旨、主流和主张探讨这一问题的产生根源.结果表明,地下水有机污染是由于人类在生产实践中破坏了人与自然的协调,违背环境伦理而造成.为了重新达到人与自然的协调,保持可持续发展,人类必须对地下水有机污染进行有效治理.     

Vulnerability of groundwater in Quaternary aquifers to organic contaminants: a case study in Wuhan City,China

More than 30 organic contaminants were detected in shallow groundwaters at Wuhan, the largest city in central China. Seriously contaminated groundwaters were from densely populated, industrial and commercial areas. Abnormal concentrations were found in groundwater from Hankou, downtown Wuhan: trimethylbenzene up to 29 μg/L, tetramethylbenzene up to 866 μg/L, and trichloroethene up to 9.5 μg/L. Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene and Xylene (BTEX) contamination of groundwater is serious and widespread at Wuhan, ranging between 0.14 and 25.0 μg/L. Considering the hydrogeological conditions of most Chinese cities, DRAMIC, a modified version of the widely used DRASTIC model, was proposed by the authors for assessing vulnerability of groundwater to contamination. The factors D, R, A and I in DRAMIC model are the same as in DRASTIC. The factor topography is ignored. The factor soil media is substituted by a new factor aquifer thickness (M) and the factor hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer by a new factor impact of contaminant (C). The equation for determining the DRAMIC Index is: DRAMIC = 5D _R + 3R _R + 4A _R + 2M _R + 5I _R + 1C _R. The calculated DRAMIC Index can be used to identify areas that are more likely to be susceptible to groundwater contamination relative to each other. The higher the DRAMIC Index is, the greater the groundwater pollution potential. Applying DRAMIC, a GIS-based vulnerability map for Wuhan city was prepared. Interestingly, places such as downtown Hankou, where enhanced concentrations of BTEX have been detected, correspond quite well with those with higher DRAMIC ratings.