全文获取类型
收费全文 | 149篇 |
免费 | 14篇 |
国内免费 | 24篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 5篇 |
大气科学 | 72篇 |
地球物理 | 21篇 |
地质学 | 33篇 |
海洋学 | 29篇 |
天文学 | 4篇 |
综合类 | 15篇 |
自然地理 | 8篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 1篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 2篇 |
2016年 | 2篇 |
2015年 | 5篇 |
2014年 | 4篇 |
2013年 | 6篇 |
2012年 | 6篇 |
2011年 | 3篇 |
2010年 | 7篇 |
2009年 | 12篇 |
2008年 | 6篇 |
2007年 | 10篇 |
2006年 | 8篇 |
2005年 | 16篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 6篇 |
2002年 | 7篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 5篇 |
1999年 | 8篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有187条查询结果,搜索用时 277 毫秒
171.
Cultures of a blue-green algaSpirulina maxima (Setch. et Gard.) Geitler with various concentrations of Se in Zarrouk's medium showed that not higher than 40 mg/L Se could
promote its growth. The present experiments showed thatS. maxima grown under normal conditions, has an oxidant stress defence system for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) removal, which is the Halliwell-Asada pathway. When 4 to 20 mg/L Se was added to the algal medium, this pathway was replaced
by a so-called Sestressed pathway containing GSH peroxidase (GSH-POD). As a result of the occurrence of both higher activity
of GSH-POD and lower levels of hydroxyl radical (OH·), the Se-stressed pathway scavenged H2O2 so effectively that the growth ofS. maxima was promoted by 4 to 20 mg/L Se. While GSH-POD activity of the alga disappeared at 40 mg/L Se, the recovery of ascorbate
peroxidase was observed. The lower levels of ascorbic acid and GSH made the Halliwell-Asada pathway for scavenging H2O2 less effective, while the highest activity of catalase might be responsible in part for the H2O2 removal, causing the level of OH· inS. maxima grown at 40 mg/L Se to be much higher than the OH· level in this alga grown at 4 to 20 mg/L Se, but lower than that in the
control. The OH· level changes caused the growth ofS. maxima cultured at 40 mg/L Se to increase slightly to close to that of the control. 相似文献
172.
Karin Thomas Andreas Volz-Thomas Djuro Mihelcic Herman G. J. Smit Dieter Kley 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1998,29(1):17-43
The exchange of NO3 radicals with the aqueous-phase was investigated at room temperature (293 K) in a series of wetted denuders. From these experiments, the uptake coefficient of NO3 was determined on 0.1 M NaCl solutions and was found to be (NO3) 2 × 10-3 in good agreement with recent studies. The Henry coefficient of NO3 was estimated to be KH(NO3) = 1.8 M · atm-1, with a (2) uncertainty of ±3 M · atm-1. From the upper limit for the Henry coefficient (KH = 5 M · atm-1) and available thermodynamic data, the redox potential of dissolved NO3/NO
3
–
is estimated to be in the range of 2.3 to 2.5 V. This range is at the lower boundary of earlier estimates. The results are discussed in the light of a recent publication. Based on our data and a model of the transport and chemistry in the liquid film, an upper limit is derived for the product of the Henry coefficient KH and the rate coefficient k
10 of the potential reaction NO3 + H2O HNO3 + OH. For KH = 0.6 M · atm-1, we find k
10 < 0.05 s-1 · atm-1, i.e., about 100 times smaller than what was suggested by Rudich and co-workers. Because of its small solubility, heterogeneous removal of NO3 is only important under conditions where the dissolved NO3 is removed quickly from equilibrium, for example by reactions with Cl– or HSO
3
–
ions in the liquid-phase. Otherwise, heterogenous removal should mainly proceed via N2O5. 相似文献
173.
Free Radicals and Fast Photochemistry during BERLIOZ 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
U. Platt B. Alicke R. Dubois A. Geyer A. Hofzumahaus F. Holland M. Martinez D. Mihelcic T. Klüpfel B. Lohrmann W. Pätz D. Perner F. Rohrer J. Schäfer J. Stutz 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):359-394
The free radicals OH, HO2, RO2, and NO3 are known to be the driving force for most chemical processes in the atmosphere. Since the low concentration of the above radicals makes measurements particularly difficult, only relatively few direct measurements of free radical concentrations have been reported to date.We present a comprehensive set of simultaneous radical measurements performed by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Matrix Isolation –Electron spin Resonance (MI-ESR), Peroxy Radical Chemical Amplification (PERCA), and Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) during the BERLIner OZonexperiment (BERLIOZ) during July and August of 1998 near Berlin, Germany. Most of the above radical species were measured by more than one technique and an intercomparison gave good agreement. This data set offered the possibility to study and quantify the role of each radical at a rural, semi-polluted site in the continental boundary layer and to investigate interconnections and dependencies among these free radicals.In general (box) modelled diurnal profiles of the different radicals reproduced the measurements quite well, however measured absolute levels are frequently lower than model predictions. These discrepancies point to disturbing deficiencies in our understanding of the chemical system in urban air masses.In addition considerable night-time peroxy radical production related to VOC reactions with NO3 and O3 could be quantified. 相似文献
174.
Ingvar Wängberg 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1993,17(3):229-247
The NO3 radical initiated oxidation of cyclopentene, cyclohexene and 1-methyl-cyclohexene has been studied. The products formed in an N2O5-NO2-N2-O2-cycloalkene-static reactor system, at 0.1 MPa and 296 K, were investigated using long path FTIR. The principal products were aldehydes formed via a ring opening process. The reactions also resulted in significant yields of three types of ring retaining nitrooxy-substituted compounds. The average yields of alkyl nitrates from, e.g., reactions with cycloalkene were 25.1% 2-oxo-cyclohexyl nitrate, 22.8% 2-hydroxy-cyclohexyl nitrate and 4.0% 1,2-cyclohexyl dinitrate. The mechanisms involved resembles those proposed for acyclic alkenes. In absence of NO, -oxo and -hydroxy-cycloalkyl nitrates are formed via self reactions of -nitrooxy substituted cycloalkyl peroxy radicals. Estimated branching ratios for the reactants leading to ring retaining products in the presence and in the absence of NO are given and the possible relevance of these reactions for cycloalkenes under tropospheric conditions is discussed. 相似文献
175.
We investigated the mercury concentrations in red meat from pilot whales consumed by some residents of the Japanese whaling town, Taiji, and in hair samples from 50 residents for their maker of mercury burden. The methyl mercury (M-Hg) level in the red meat was 5.9 μg/wet g, markedly higher than the US FDA action level and Cordex Alimentarius guideline level for predatory fish (1.0 μg/wet g). The average level of total mercury (T-Hg) in the hair from residents who ate whale meat more than once a month was 24.6 μg/g, whereas the average from the residents who did not consume any whale meat was 4.3 μg/g. The T-Hg concentrations in the hair from three donors exceeded 50 μg/g, the level for NOAEL set by WHO. The T-Hg level found in the Taiji whale meat consumers was markedly higher than that observed in the Japanese population overall (about 2 μg/g). 相似文献
176.
讨论群的元素性质与群的根性之间的关系.考虑群的元素性质汐满足条件(1):如果x是p-的p-元素,且N G,那么xN是G/N的p-元素;满足条件(4):设N G,如果x∈N是G的p-元素,那么x也是N的p-元素,则群类P1={G}G的每个同态像没有非平凡的p-元素}是p1-根群类.如果p满足条件(1)和条件(2),x∈N是N的p-元素,且N G,那么x也是G的p-元素,则群类P2={G|G的每个非平凡的同态像有一个非平凡的次正规p-子群}是p-根群类.如果性质p-满足条件(1),(2)和(4),那么P,P2均为根群类且P=P2. 相似文献
177.
Hydroxyl and Peroxy Radical Chemistry in a Rural Area of Central Pennsylvania: Observations and Model Comparisons 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Xinrong?RenEmail author William?H.?Brune Christopher?A.?Cantrell Gavin?D.?Edwards Terry?Shirley Andrew?R.?Metcalf Robert?L.?Lesher 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,52(3):231-257
Atmospheric hydroxyl (OH), hydroperoxy (HO2), total peroxy (HO2 and organic peroxy radicals, RO2) mixing ratios and OH reactivity (first order OH loss rate) were measured at a rural site in central Pennsylvania during
May and June 2002. OH and HO2 mixing ratios were measured with laser induced fluorescence (LIF); HO2
+ RO2 mixing ratios were measured with chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). The daytime maximum mixing ratios were up
to 0.6 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) for OH, 30 pptv for HO2, and 45 pptv for HO2 + RO2. A parameterized RACM (Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism) box model was used to predict steady state OH, HO2 and HO2 + RO2 concentrations by constraining the model to the measured OH reactivity and previously measured volatile organic compound
(VOC) distributions. The averaged model calculations are generally in good agreement with the observations. For OH, the model
matched the observations for day and night, with an average observed-to-modeled ratio of 0.80. In previous studies such as
PROPHET98, nighttime NO was near 0 pptv and observed nighttime OH was significantly larger than modeled OH. In this study,
nighttime observed and modeled OH agree to within measurement and model uncertainties because the main source of the nighttime
OH was the reaction HO2 + NO → OH + NO2, with the NO being continually emitted from the surrounding fertilized corn field. The observed-to-modeled ratio for HO2 is 1.0 on average, although daytime HO2 is underpredicted by a factor of 1.2 and nighttime HO2 is over-predicted by a factor of ∼2. The average measured and modeled HO2 + RO2 agree well during daytime, but the modeled value is about twice the measured value during nighttime. While measured HO2 + RO2 values agree with modeled values for NO mixing ratios less than a few parts per billion by volume (ppbv), it increases substantially
above the expected value for NO greater than a few ppbv. This observation of the higher-than-expected HO2 + RO2 with the CIMS technique confirms the observed increase of HO2 above expected values at higher NO mixing ratios in HO2 measurements with the LIF technique. The maximum instantaneous O3 production rate calculated from HO2 and RO2 reactions with NO was as high as 10–15 ppb h−1 at midday; the total daily O3 production varied from 13 to 113 ppbv d−1 and was 48 ppbv d−1 on average during this campaign. 相似文献
178.
Bin?Qi Akinori?Takami Shiro?HatakeyamaEmail author 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,52(1):63-79
Concentrations of peroxy radicals were measured by a chemical amplification technique at a remote forested site as part of
the Program for Research on Oxidants in a Forested Region in Nikko (PROFRN). During the measurement period of 22–27 July 2002,
the mixing ratios of peroxy radicals averaged for 3 min at midday ranged from 109 to 134 pptv at a height approximately 5
m above the forest canopy. Significant diurnal variation in concentrations of peroxy radicals was observed, with the maximum
usually occurring around noon. Most of the variation was driven by changes in the intensity of solar radiation. However, it
was found that the peroxy radical concentration reached its peak about 3-h later than that of solar radiation on 24 and 26
July. The origins of this delay are discussed based on an analysis of the total radical budget in that period. A transport
of polluted air masses to the site was one of possible causes for the inconsistency. In addition, the measured peroxy radical
concentrations were compared with those derived from the deviations of NO-NO2-O3 photo-stationary state (PSSD) for clear days. The estimated half-hour-average concentrations of peroxy radical were in agreement
with the PERCA measured in the morning and late afternoon. However the two techniques differed by as much as a factor of two
during the time of near midday. 相似文献
179.
G. Herzberg 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》1984,5(2):131-138
The main bands of the Schüler system of ND4 and NH4 have been observed at high resolution. On the basis of these spectra, Watson, in a separate paper, has analysed the ND4 main band showing that it represents a2F2
→
2 A1 transition of a tetrahedral molecule. The observed wavenumber data for both ND4 and NH4 are presented; the latter have not yet been analysed. Isotopic bands for15ND4,14ND3H,14ND2H2,14NDH3 have also been obtained and as previously pointed out confirm the assumed carrier of the spectrum. The much weaker bands
accompanying the main Schüler band on the short and long wavelength sides are photographed at medium resolution. The interpretation
of these bands in terms of the vibrational levels of upper and lower states is briefly discussed. 相似文献
180.
Bo. R. Larsen Dario Di Bella Marianne Glasius Richard Winterhalter Niels R. Jensen Jens Hjorth 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2001,38(3):231-276
Smog chamber experiments have beenconducted in which cyclic monoterpenes were oxidisedin the gas phase by OH. The evolved secondary organicaerosol (SOA) was analysed by LC-MSn and thegas-phase products were analysed by FT-IR. Theconcentrations of the identified compoundscorresponded to carbon mass balances in the range of40%–90%. The identified compounds in the particularphase corresponded to 0.5%–4.2% of the reactedcarbon. The most abundant compounds in SOA fromterpenes with an endocyclic C=C double bond wereC10-keto-aldehydes, C10-keto-carboxylicacids, C10-hydroxy-keto-carboxylic acids, andC10-hydroxy-keto-aldehydes (pinonaldehyde,pinonic acid, hydroxy-pinonic acid isomers, andhydroxy-pinonaldehyde isomers from -pinene;3-caronaldehyde, 3-caronic acid, hydroxy-3-caronicacid isomers, and hydroxy-3-caronaldehyde isomers from3-carene). The most abundant compounds in SOA fromterpenes with an exocyclic C=C double bond wereC9-ketones, C9-dicarboxylic acids, andC10-hydroxy-keto-carboxylic acids (nopinone,pinic acid, and hydroxy-pinonic acid isomers from-pinene; sabinaketone, sabinic acid andhydroxy-sabinonic acid isomers from sabinene).Decarboxylated analogues of most of the compounds werepresent in SOA in minor concentrations, such asC9-keto-carboxylic acids (norpinonic acid,nor-3-caronic acid) and C8-dicarboxylic acids(norpinic acid, nor-3-caric acid, norsabinic acid). InSOA from limonene, which contains an endocyclic aswell as an exocyclic C=C double bond, the mostabundant compounds were a C10-keto-aldehyde andits oxo-derivative (limononaldehyde and keto-limononaldehyde) together with hydroxy-derivatives of aC10-keto-carboxylic acid (isomers ofhydroxy-limononic acid). Also aC10-keto-carboxylic acid (limononic acid) waspresent together with minor concentrations of aC9-dicarboxylic acids (limonic acid), itsoxo-derivative (keto-limonic acid), and itsdecarboxylated analogue (norlimonic acid). Mechanisticpathways for the formation of these products, some ofwhich are identified here for the first time, areproposed. 相似文献