油气成藏期研究方法

目前可用于确定油气成藏期的方法有多种,各有其优缺点.重点介绍了储层岩石学、流体包裹体分析、油气水界面追溯、油储磁性矿物古地磁学、油田卤水碘同位素及储层矿物沥青等方法的原理,评述了不同方法的有效性与局限性,认为不同方法结合使用可以实现油气成藏期的精确厘定.     

走进新时代的中国城市地理学——建所70周年城市地理与城市发展研究成果及展望

本文回顾了中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所70年城市地理与城市发展研究的变迁历程,并将其划分为缓慢探索阶段(1949-1980年)、积极参与阶段(1981-1990年)、快速拓展阶段(1991-2000年)和逐步深化阶段(2000年以来)4大阶段,系统总结了城市地理科研工作者在中国设市预测与规划调整、中国城镇体系规划...     

湖南金船塘锡铋矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因的初步研究

金船塘锡铋矿床是东坡矿田内一个以锡铋为主的大型矽卡岩型多金属矿床,其成矿流体演化及成矿机制是理解该区花岗岩浆演化与成矿的关键内容,但迄今为止对其成矿流体演化及成矿物理化学条件尚无人研究。本文以金船塘锡铋矿床为研究对象,在详细野外调查的基础上,系统开展了镜下观察、流体包裹体显微测温以及激光拉曼分析,进而对金船塘矿床的地质特征及流体演化过程进行了初步研究,并获得如下认识：（1）该矿成矿演化过程可划分为原生矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、云英岩阶段、锡石硫化物阶段及无矿石英-碳酸盐阶段;（2）成矿流体的成分以H₂O为主,气相成分中含少量的CO₂、CH₄、SO₂,子晶成分主要为NaCl,含有少量的KCl,成矿流体为H₂O-NaCl（±KCl）-CO₂（±CH₄）体系;（3）矽卡岩阶段中流体包裹体均一温度分布在174~>550℃,但主要集中在550℃以上,其盐度范围为5.41%~15.3% NaCleqv;退化蚀变阶段均一温度范围为143~>550℃,主要集中在230~300℃,盐度范围为1.22%~37.4% NaCleqv;云英岩阶段均一温度分布于220~500℃范围内,主要为240~350℃之间,盐度范围为3.0%~14.3% NaCleqv;锡石硫化物阶段中的包裹体均一温度分布于170~368℃,主要为220~270℃,盐度分布在0.35%~7.86% NaCleqv。总体上从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,成矿流体总体具有向低温、低盐度方向演化的趋势。成矿流体的总体密度分布在0.65~1.0g/cm³之间,矿床形成的压力约为120~200MPa,对应的成矿深度约为4~7km;（4）早期成矿流体以岩浆水为主,在演化过程中有大气降水的加入,流体降压沸腾作用和流体混合作用可能是矿石沉淀的主要机制。     

Reviews on Potash Deposit Metallogenic Conditions

Potash salt is one of key scarce strategic resources. Searching for large scale of potash salt deposit is one big problerm which Chinese academic community faces. Many new discoveries of world potash deposit have been made in recent ten years, which provide abundant practical information and complement the potash metallogenic theory. Through the summary of the potash forming characteristics at home and abroad, the paper studies the potash forming time, tectonic condition, paleogeographic condition, paleoclimate, basin location and salt source. Potash is mainly formed in Permian, Cretaceous, late Jurassic, Cambrian and Devonian. The combination of structure and environment helps to form large scale of evaporation. The climate cycle is related with crust activity. As the other ore deposit, the formation of potash ore also needs dry climate. Potash is the product of final stage in brine evolution, and therefore, it needs persistent drought climate. However, the climate condition is very complicated. Drought climate belt also occurs in humid climate stage, which is controlled by geomorphology. Potash ore can also form in local drought condition. Generally, potash forms in rock salt basin. However, the actual situation is very complicated. Some potash basin is coincided with rock salt basin, some is on one side of rock salt basin; and some are even in the outside of rock salt basin. Salt materials can be from three sources: marine source, terrigenous source and deep source.The paper gives an overview of the research status about the potash deposit forming conditions, which has great guiding significance for searching potash deposit in China. The paper also summarizes the three types of metallogenic models for potash deposit, including epicontinental metallogenic model, abnormal marine evaporation model and rift valley model. The three models are mainly different in material sources, in which the potash in epicontinental metallogenic model is from seawater; the potash in abnormal evaporation model is from nonmarine brine and the potash in rift valley model is mainly from deep material of volcanic activity.     

福建政和铁山铅锌矿床地质特征及成因

福建省政和县铁山铅锌矿床位于闽东中一新生代火山活动带。大地构造上处于建瓯一遂昌上古台拱与浙闽粤沿海断陷交接处。矿体产于晚震旦世一早古生代稻香组与铁山混染正长岩及燕山晚期枫林黑云母花岗岩接触带以及接触带围岩一侧的顺层裂隙之中。矿体与接触带产状基本一致,主要受地层产状及接触带控制。矿体呈似层状、透镜状,部分呈脉状。矿石品位较高,以铅锌矿石为主,次为黄铜铅锌矿石和铅锌磁铁矿石。矿床物质来源于地层、岩体特别是沉积岩中的火山质夹层。矿床成因类型为层控矽卡岩型。     

西藏古大湖成盐模式的提出与分析探讨

根据目前对青藏高原第四系及古环境研究的最新进展,提出了西藏地区盐湖成盐的模式———古大湖成盐模式,并列举了诸多具有说服力的证据,为研究盐湖矿产形成规律和进一步开发利用,促进西藏经济发展,将产生积极的影响。     

Phytoplankton life cycle transformations lead to species-specific effects on sediment processes in the Baltic Sea

In order to study the sediment response to different addition of organic matter, we added cultures of the dinoflagellates Scrippsiella hangoei and Woloszynskia halophila and the diatom Pauliella taeniata to aquaria containing natural sediment. The biomass added was 1550–3260 mg C m⁻², and in the control, no biomass was added (n=3). Oxygen profiles at the sediment–water interface and inorganic nutrients in the near bottom water were determined once a week. In the additions of P. taeniata and W. halophila the sediment quickly became anoxic, and subsequently there was a flux of >1 mmol PO₄³⁻ m⁻² d⁻¹ out of the sediment in these treatments. The majority of the released P came from P stored in the sediment and not from the organic phosphorus added. The result was very different for the S. hangoei addition. This species underwent a life cycle change to form temporary cysts. During this process there was a net uptake of nutrients. After the formation of cysts the concentration of inorganic nutrient was similar to that of the control. Cysts generally survive for long periods in the sediment (months to years) before germinating, but can also be permanently buried in the sediment. The novel idea presented here is that the phytoplankton composition may directly affect sediment processes such as oxygen consumption and phosphorus release, through species-specific life cycle changes and yields of resting stages produced prior to sedimentation. This can be an important aspect of nutrient cycling in eutrophic waters, like the Baltic Sea, where there is large year-to-year difference in the amount of resting stages settling at the sea floor, mainly due to differences in abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates during the spring bloom. If yields of resting stages change, e.g. due to changes in the phytoplankton community, it may lead to alterations in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.     

Estimating uncertainty associated with water stages from a single SAR image

It is the goal of remote sensing to infer information about objects or a natural process from a remote location. This invokes that uncertainty in measurement should be viewed as central to remote sensing. In this study, the uncertainty associated with water stages derived from a single SAR image for the Alzette (G.D. of Luxembourg) 2003 flood is assessed using a stepped GLUE procedure. Main uncertain input factors to the SAR processing chain for estimating water stages include geolocation accuracy, spatial filter window size, image thresholding value, DEM vertical precision and the number of river cross sections at which water stages are estimated. Initial results show that even with plausible parameter values uncertainty in water stages over the entire river reach is 2.8 m on average. Adding spatially distributed field water stages to the GLUE analysis following a one-at-a-time approach helps to considerably reduce SAR water stage uncertainty (0.6 m on average) thereby identifying appropriate value ranges for each uncertain SAR water stage processing factor. For the GLUE analysis a Nash-like efficiency criterion adapted to spatial data is proposed whereby acceptable SAR model simulations are required to outperform a simpler regression model based on the field-surveyed average river bed gradient. Weighted CDFs for all factors based on the proposed efficiency criterion allow the generation of reliable uncertainty quantile ranges and 2D maps that show the uncertainty associated with SAR-derived water stages. The stepped GLUE procedure demonstrated that not all field data collected are necessary to achieve maximum constraining. A possible efficient way to decide on relevant locations at which to sample in the field is proposed. It is also suggested that the resulting uncertainty ranges and flood extent or depth maps may be used to evaluate 1D or 2D flood inundation models in terms of water stages, depths or extents. For this, the extended GLUE approach, which copes with the presence of uncertainty in the observed data, may be adopted.