三位一体找矿预测模型的表达式

三位一体找矿预测模型是勘查区找矿预测理论遵循的原则。三位是指成矿地质体、成矿结构面、成矿作用标志,一体是指矿体、矿床或矿田。可以理解为成矿地质体、成矿结构面、成矿作用标志决定矿体、矿床或矿田产出的空间位置,反映的是成矿要素与成矿产物之间的空间关系,或者空间结构模型,是由某一个成矿地质体决定的矿床成矿系统的最小单元,如某斑岩体决定的次火山热液成矿系统和同生断裂决定的热水沉积成矿系统。 根据中国地质调查局(2016)颁发的1:50 000 矿产地质调查工作指南(试行),成矿地质体是指与矿床形成在时间、空间和成因上有密切联系的地质体。成矿结构面是指赋存矿体的显性或隐性存在的岩石物理及化学性质不连续面,也就是赋存矿体的各类界面。成矿作用标志是指能够直接指示矿体赋存位置的、对找矿预测具有特殊意义的标志(中国地质调查局,2016)。矿床成岩成矿年代学及成矿作用产物与成矿地质体的空间关系表明,成矿地质体在成矿过程中,仍然主要起导矿构造的作用,尽管部分成矿现象类似于侧分泌成矿,但规模热液矿床的形成必然伴随着大规模流体沿构造通道持续或间歇性运移。完整的成矿系统必然包含源、运、储三个基本环节(翟裕生,2005),所以成矿地质体也可以表述为导矿构造,进而将三位一体找矿预测模型定性地表述为导矿构造、成矿结构面和成矿作用标志决定成矿作用产物产出的空间位置。模型的定量表示则需要研究导矿构造、成矿结构面和成矿作用标志的响应范围及其耦合关系。     

断代成矿单元研究划分 ----以陕西省成矿单元划分为例

随着地质找矿难度的日益加大,如何科学地圈定找矿靶区,已成为新时期矿产勘查部署及实现找矿突破的关键。成矿单元划分是区域成矿规律研究的基础性工作,在圈定找矿靶区、部署矿产勘查工作中起着重要作用。目前国内成矿单元划分的主要方法是以区域内成矿作用最强、矿床最多的构造旋回所形成的地质构造单元为基础,同时考虑其它构造旋回形成的矿床分布状况而进行成矿单元划分,即采用综合方法划分成矿单元（陈毓川等,2007.徐志刚等,2008.）。对于仅发育单一构造演化阶段或多数矿床形成于某一主要构造阶段的区域而言,上述划分思路和方案基本反映了成矿地质背景及矿产分布规律。但对于发育多个构造演化阶段或多旋回造山带的区域（如陕西省）而言,其矿产众多且形成于多个构造演化阶段,综合方法所划分的成矿区带则较难客观、清晰地反映其成矿背景及矿产分布规律。陕西省多年来的矿产勘查实践表明,成矿单元的划分应从本省多旋回构造演化、多阶段成矿作用的实际出发开展断代成矿单元划分,从而清晰地反映各构造演化阶段的成矿特征及矿床分布规律,以满足新时期地质找矿工作的需求。     

伟晶岩型锂矿成矿构造背景研究

锂是银白色的、自然界最轻的金属,广泛应用于纺织、陶瓷、冶金、核能、新能源等领域,有“高能金属”、“21世纪的能源金属”之称。锂矿床按成因类型可分为内生和外生两种类型,内生型可具体分为花岗伟晶岩型、花岗岩型、云英岩型和岩浆热液型,外生型则包括盐湖型及地下卤水型（赵一鸣等,2004）。伟晶岩型锂矿主要开采锂辉石、透锂云母、锂云母、磷铝锂石等,是锂矿资源的重要来源。     

扬子西缘乡城-丽江结合带燕山期斑岩Mo多金属矿床成矿系统

位于扬子陆块西缘与西南三江造山带结合部位的乡城-丽江地区,北起四川乡城经云南格咱南至丽江地区,在印支期斑岩铜矿带上新发现叠加了燕山期斑岩Mo多金属成矿作用,形成乡城-丽江斑岩Mo矿带。受印支期古特提斯洋盆闭合后地壳缩短与加厚的影响,燕山晚期下地壳发生拆沉作用,导致后碰撞型花岗质岩浆侵位,发育了Mo多金属成矿作用,并构成斑岩成矿系统。岩石地球化学特征表明,燕山晚期含矿斑岩具高硅(SiO_2=66.29%~79.36%)、高碱(K_2O+Na_2O=5.07%~9.24%)、富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=0.71~2.13)的特点,属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列。岩石富集轻稀土元素(LREE),具有负δEu异常;微量元素具富集大离子亲石元素K、U、Th、Rb,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti的特征;大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta等高场强元素的亏损,表明形成这些岩体的岩浆主要来自地壳,具有造山带花岗岩的地球化学特征。区内代表性含矿斑岩相似的地球化学组成及分布特征表明,乡城-丽江结合带燕山晚期的成矿斑岩是由同源岩浆分异演化而来。成矿系统的分析表明,燕山晚期主要含矿斑岩成矿物质以壳源为主,但具有少量地幔物质的加入,成岩成矿物质来源具有相似或一致的源区特征。在成矿元素的组合上,由成矿斑岩体向外带表现出W、Mo→W、Mo、Cu→Pb、Zn、Ag的演化趋势。研究表明,本区燕山晚期花岗岩浆的侵入及Mo多金属成矿作用并不是独立或个别的成矿事件,而是纵跨义敦岛弧、甘孜-理塘结合带及扬子西缘的带状成矿活动,属于区内与燕山晚期岩浆侵入作用相关的统一斑岩成矿系统。     

湘南荷花坪锡多金属矿床成矿年代研究

荷花坪锡多金属矿床是本世纪初在南岭中段湘南地区新发现的一个大型矿床,区内的锡多金属矿化产在王仙岭岩体东南内、外接触带,已发现有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ号4个主要锡多金属矿体。其中,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ号矿体由早期矽卡岩型和晚期蚀变碎裂岩型矿石组成,Ⅲ号矿体则由独立产出的蚀变碎裂岩型矿石组成,且包含有部分碎裂花岗斑岩。以往研究已对Ⅳ号矿体中的矽卡岩型矿石和Ⅲ号矿体中含矿斑岩脉分别采用辉钼矿Re-Os法和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb法进行了测年,获得的年龄分别为224.0±1.9Ma和142±2Ma。本文补充了晚期蚀变碎裂岩型矿石的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年,结果显示,Ⅱ号矿体中蚀变碎裂岩型矿石白云母样品和石英样品的坪年龄分别为151.88±1.58Ma和155.39±7.04Ma;Ⅳ号矿体中蚀变碎裂岩型矿石石英样品的坪年龄为156.94±1.64Ma。结合前人研究资料综合分析,认为荷花坪矿区存在印支晚期(224Ma)、燕山早期(151~156Ma)和燕山晚期(142Ma)三期成矿作用,分别与区内印支期中粗粒含电气石黑云母花岗岩、燕山早期中粗粒黑云母花岗岩和燕山晚期花岗斑岩脉有关,不同期成岩、成矿作用的构造环境均为岩石圈的拉张伸展。湘南地区印支期(205~224Ma)基性岩浆活动及荷花坪矿床印支期成岩、成矿过程中均有幔源物质的参与,它们共同指示南岭地区中生代构造体制的转换或岩石圈伸展减薄可能始于印支主期(230~244Ma)之后的224Ma左右,即晚三叠世。     

Life after death: shallow‐water Mediterranean invertebrate communities associated with mammal bones

Invertebrate and microbial marine communities associated with mammal bones are interesting and poorly understood habitats, mainly known from studies on deep‐water whale remains. In order to characterize these communities in the shallow‐water Mediterranean, we present here the results of a pioneering experiment using mammal bones. Minke whale, pig and cow bones were experimentally deployed on three different background communities: rocky substrate, soft‐bottom and a Posidonia oceanica meadow. Bones were deployed for a year at about 20 m depth and collected every 3 months, and the invertebrate fauna colonizing the bones was identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. As expected, mammal bones showed remarkable differences when compared with background communities. Within bones, four different clusters could be identified, primarily on the basis of the polychaete fauna, the most abundant and diverse group in the survey. Clusters A1–A3 corresponded to high to moderately altered successional stages composed by a fauna closer to that of anthropogenically enriched shallow‐water environments. These clusters were characterized by the occurrence of the opportunist polychaetes Ophryotrocha puerilis, Neanthes caudata (Cluster A1), Protodorvillea kefersteini (Cluster A2) and Ophryotrocha alborana (Cluster A3). Cluster B was characterized by the presence of the polychaete Oxydromus pallidus together with typical invertebrate background fauna, which suggests that this community, after a year of deployment, was closer to that found in natural conditions. As opposed to similar shallow‐water studies in other geographic areas, no occurrence of the polychaete Osedax (commonly known as bone‐eating worms) was reported from our experiments. Apart from the study on the invertebrate communities, insights about the population dynamics of three of the most abundant species (O. puerilis, O. alborana, N. caudata) are given as well as remarks on a hypothetical trophic network based on fecal pellet analysis.     

Study of late-Mesozoic magmatic rocks and their related copper-gold-polymetallic deposits in the Guichi ore-cluster district,Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt,East China

ABSTRACT

The Guichi ore-cluster district in the Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt hosts extensive Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits including the Tongshan Cu–Mo, Paodaoling Au, Matou Cu–Mo, Anzishan Cu–Mo, Guilinzheng Mo and Zhaceqiao Au deposits, mostly associated with the late Mesozoic magmatic rocks, which has been drawn to attention of study and exploration. However, the metallogenic relationship between magmatic rocks and the Cu–Au-polymetallic deposits is not well constrained. In this study, we report new zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotopic, and geochemical data for the ore-bearing intrusions of Guichi region. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb ages for the Anzishan quartz diorite porphyrite is 143.9 ± 1.0 Ma. Integrated with previous geochronological data, these late Mesozoic magmatic rocks can be subdivided into two stages of magmatic activities. The first stage (150–132 Ma) is characterized by high-K calc-alkaline intrusions closely associated with Cu–Au polymetallic ore deposits. Whereas, the second stage (130–125 Ma) produced granites and syenites and is mainly characterized by shoshonite series that are related to Mo–Cu mineralization. The first stage of magmatic rocks is considered to be formed by partial melting of subducted Palaeo-Pacific Plate, assimilated with Yangtze lower crust and remelting Meso-Neoproterozoic crust/sediments. The second stage of magmatism is originated from partial melting of Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic crust, mixed with juvenile crustal materials. The depression cross to the uplift zone of the Jiangnan Ancient Continent forms a gradual transition relation, and the hydrothermal mineralization composite with two stages have certain characteristics along the regional fault (Gaotan Fault). Guichi region results from two episodes of magmatism probably related to tectonic transition from subduction of Palaeo-Pacific Plate to back-arc extensional setting between 150 and 125 Ma, which lead to the Mesozoic large-scale polymetallic mineralization events in southeast China.     

江南造山带黄金洞金矿床成矿机制:矿物形成环境与金成矿物理化学条件制约

黄金洞超大型金矿床位于江南造山带中段,赋存于新元古界浅变质岩系中,受控于NNE-NE向长平断裂带,金资源储量达100吨。该矿床可由南至北分为金福、金塘、杨山庄和曲溪矿段,主要矿化类型有石英-硫化物脉型、构造角砾岩型和黄铁毒砂绢英岩型。金属矿物主要发育有自然金、毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、磁黄铁矿等;非金属矿物有石英、绢云母、方解石和菱铁矿等,其中金主要以自然金与不可见金形式存在。根据野外与镜下观察,金成矿作用分为Ⅰ石英-金-毒砂-黄铁矿、Ⅱ石英-金-多金属硫化物-白钨矿和Ⅲ石英-辉锑矿-绿泥石3个阶段,前二者为主要成矿阶段。曲溪矿段Ⅱ阶段毒砂相对不发育、而磁黄铁矿和自然金显著发育,绿泥石主要发育于Ⅲ阶段中,与辉锑矿及闪锌矿共生。根据不同矿段各阶段毒砂与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石成分,计算其温度、lgf(S_2)与lgf(O_2),可见Ⅰ阶段成矿温度与硫逸度高于Ⅱ阶段:杨山庄矿段两阶段成矿温度分别为300～378℃、260～300℃,lgf(S_2)分别为-11～-7.2、-11.9～-10.1;金塘两阶段成矿温度为240～311℃、245～298℃;金福Ⅱ阶段成矿温度上限为297℃;曲溪矿段成矿温度为268～368℃,Ⅱ阶段毒砂lgf(S_2)与Ⅲ阶段绿泥石lgf(O_2)分别为-13.2～-8.7、-50.9～-40.1。根据不同阶段矿物之间的相互关系及成矿温度与硫逸度演化特征,推断Ⅰ、Ⅱ成矿阶段伴随强烈的硫化作用,金以类质同象方式进入毒砂和黄铁矿中,形成不可见金;其中Ⅱ阶段由于成矿流体压力骤降,含金流体发生相分离作用,H2S等气体大量逃逸,导致成矿流体中硫含量骤降,加以硫化作用持续消耗流体中的硫,促进了含金络合物分解与自然金的沉淀。     

卷积神经网络及其在矿床找矿预测中的应用——以安徽省兆吉口铅锌矿床为例

大数据人工智能地质学刚刚起步,基于大数据智能算法的地质研究是非常有意义的探索性实验。利用大数据和机器学习解决矿产预测问题,有助于人们克服不能全面考虑地质变量的困难及评估当前模型在已有数据中的可靠性。元素地表分布特征量主要受原岩成分、成矿作用影响和地表过程的影响,它们携带某些指示矿体就位的信息,即矿体在地下空间就位时在地表的响应,且未在地表过程中消失。以往的地球化学勘查工作仅仅识别异常,但未能发现矿体在地表响应的成矿特征量。本文以安徽省兆吉口铅锌矿床为例,通过机器学习,利用卷积神经网络算法,不断挖掘元素Pb分布特征与矿体地下就位空间的耦合相关性。经过1000次训练后,可以得到准确率0. 93,损失率0. 28的卷积神经网络模型。这种神经网络模型就是矿体在地下就位时元素在地表分布的响应,可以用来进行矿产资源预测。应用该模型对未知区进行预测,结果显示第53号区域具有很大概率存在尚未发现的矿体。     

柳河盆地中生代充填特征与盆地演化

柳河盆地中生代地层发育有中侏罗统侯家屯组,下白垩统果松组、鹰嘴砬子组、林子头组、下桦皮甸子组和亨通山组。主要岩石类型为碎屑岩、火山碎屑沉积岩、火山碎屑岩和熔岩,沉积相为扇三角洲-湖泊相。根据岩性变化和岩相组合,将下白垩统划分为13个三级层序和8种充填类型。根据盆地构造和层序特征,划分为5个构造发育阶段,分别是中侏罗世初始凹陷阶段、晚侏罗世抬升剥蚀阶段和早白垩世的3个火山喷发-沉降阶段。柳河盆地是一个受走滑张扭-走滑压扭机制控制的走滑伸展盆地。