华东地区燕山期花岗质岩浆与成矿作用关系研究

华东地区是我国重要的钨、铜、铁、钼、金、银、铀、铅、锌等多种金属矿产的产业基地。本文系统总结了华东地区钦杭成矿带和武夷山成矿带等重要多金属成矿带的燕山期岩浆活动与成矿作用的时空演化规律,提出燕山期区域成岩成矿作用可划分为早、晚两期四个阶段。(1)燕山早期早阶段(180~165Ma),以I型花岗岩及埃达克质岩石为主,主要分布在钦杭结合带东段以及武夷山成矿带的闽西南坳陷区内,形成一系列斑岩型及矽卡岩型铜铅锌银多金属矿床;其中埃达克质岩是俯冲板块挤压环境下加厚(或拆沉)下地壳重熔的产物;(2)燕山早期晚阶段(165~140Ma),以S型花岗岩以及钨锡、铌钽矿床为主,主要分布于南岭成矿带,另有少量非埃达克质I型花岗岩;(3)燕山晚期早阶段(145~120Ma),为区域由挤压向伸展过渡的构造转换期,在古太平洋板块斜向俯冲所导致的大规模伸展背景下,产生了S型与I-A型花岗岩共生的局面,其中S型火山-侵入杂岩与火山热液型铀铅锌矿床关系密切;在钦杭结合带东段一线出现A型花岗岩以及伴生的钨锡铌钽矿化,其年龄(135~125Ma)略晚于S型火山-侵入杂岩,在武夷山地区岩石类型则以I型为主,并与矽卡岩型以及石英脉型钨锡铁钼矿有关;(4)燕山晚期晚阶段(120~90Ma),在强烈的伸展背景以及俯冲带向洋迁移作用下,成岩成矿事件集中在武夷山以东的沿海地区,以出现晶洞花岗岩、过碱性花岗岩等高温、浅成、高分异花岗岩类为特征,但金属成矿作用则大多与富钾的I型花岗岩类有关,在多个矿集区内形成大量的浅成低温热液型铜金银矿床。钦杭成矿带和武夷成矿带之间的成岩-成矿时空差异性主要受控于古太平洋板块俯冲过程及基底物质组成。     

长江中下游成矿带矽卡岩型矿床矿物包裹体激光拉曼分析结果及其地质-地球化学意义

矽卡岩矿床各种硅酸盐矿物中熔融包裹体和流体-熔融包裹体的显微测温资料和相成分让我们提出过大量矽卡岩是岩浆成因的建议。在本文中,我们提供沿长江中下游成矿带的许多矽卡岩矿床包含在石榴子石和辉石里的熔融包裹体和流体-熔融包裹体的激光拉曼分析结果,目的是证明所研究的并与Cu-Fe-Au矿床共生的矽卡岩系岩浆成因。我们的研究结果显示,熔融包裹体只含固体相和微量气相。流体-熔融包裹体除了含大量固相外,还含微量流体和气相以及没有被仪器检测到的气体。固体相与包裹体寄主矿物相同或类似。流体相主要为水或盐水溶液和包括C6H6、C3H6、C3H8、CH4、CO2和O2的气体。我们提出,熔融包裹体和流体-熔融包裹体是原始岩浆的最好代表。这就证明,矽卡岩组合是由一个原生岩浆直接结晶而成。此外,我们还讨论了岩浆矽卡岩形成的温度、分布范围和规模、形成机制和与Cu-Fe-Au矿化作用的联系。     

Geologic evolution of a Cretaceous tectonometamorphic unit in the Franciscan Complex,western California

ABSTRACT

The Franciscan Yolla Bolly terrane of the NE California Coast Ranges consists mainly of quartzose metagreywackes containing sparse high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) neoblastic minerals, including ubiquitous lawsonite. Some Yolla Bolly rocks also contain one or more of the newly grown phases, pumpellyite, aragonite, glaucophane, and/or jadeitic pyroxene. These blueschist-facies metasandstones recrystallized under physical conditions of ~200–300°C and ~8 kbar at subduction-zone depths approaching 30 km. Petrologically similar Franciscan metaclastic-rich map units – Yolla Bolly terrane-like rocks, here designated the ‘YB’ unit – crop out in the central and southern California Coast Ranges. Recently published detrital zircon U?Pb SIMS and LA-ICPMS data for 19 ‘YB’ metagreywackes indicate maximum ages of formation as follows: ~110–115 Ma (8) in the NE California Coast Ranges; ~95–107 Ma (7) in the San Francisco Bay area + Diablo Range; and ~85–92 Ma (4) in the dextrally offset Nacimiento Block. These fault-bounded ‘YB’ strata do not constitute coeval parts of a single tectonostratigraphic unit. Instead the term tectonometamorphic is proposed for such time-transgressive map units. Based on the current and likely Cretaceous 30° angular divergence between NS-palaeomagnetic stripes of the Farallon oceanic plate and the NNW-trending California convergent margin, I infer that arrival at the arc margin and underflow of a relatively thick segment of oceanic crust and its largely clastic sedimentary blanket may have resulted in progressive southeastward migration of an accreted, subducted, then exhumed HP/LT metagreywacke section. During the ~30 million year interval, ~115–85 Ma, the locus of ‘YB’ accretion, underflow, and tectonic regurgitation evidently moved SE along an ~1000 km stretch of the accretionary margin of western California.     

Yanshanian (Late Mesozoic) ore deposits in China – An introduction to the Special Issue

The Late Jurassic-Cretaceous Yanshanian Orogeny (or “Yenshan Movement”), one of the most important tectonothermal events, is first recognized in China, especially eastern China. This Late Mesozoic orogeny, which was initiated most likely by a Mesozoic tectonic switch, strongly reworked or destructed the older continental lithospheres or cratonic keels that are manifested by alternating compressive and extensional deformation, voluminous igneous rocks, and a variety of characteristic magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems. Despite its first discovery and definition in Yenshan-Yinshan area of North China craton, the Yanshanian Orogeny probably is of global tectonic, magmatic and metallogenic significance. However, there have been hot debates on the precise starting time, accurate duration or time-interval, detailed processes and evolution linked to deep lithospheres, tectonic nature, and geodynamic mechanism(s) of the Yanshanian Orogeny, which inevitably have hindered the understanding of the genesis, mineralizing processes and geodynamic mechanism of the Late Mesozoic magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems.This Special Issue captures some of the latest research results on the Yanshanian ore deposits that are involved into a few main Mesozoic metallogenic belts or provinces, from northeast to southwest China, including: (1) the Jiaodong Peninsula metallogenic province in the North China Craton, (2) the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt in the central eastern China, (3) the Jiangnan and (4) the Nanling metallogenic belts in the South China Block, (5) the southeastern China Coast metallogenic belt, and (6) the Sanjiang metallogenic belt in southwest China. Through a multidisciplinary study, this Special Issue re-investigated and re-evaluated the relationship between the Late Mesozoic magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems and the Yanshanian tectonothermal events in the studied metallogenic belts or provinces. A few important contributions to the topic in this Special Issue (Yanshanian metallogeny) are summarized as followings: (1) A new ore-deposit type, i.e. the “intracontinental reactivation” type, has been suggested to interpret the genesis of those Au-(polymetallic) deposits that are hosted within older metamorphic rocks and related to the Late Mesozoic basin-and-range extensional settings; (2) Late Mesozoic re-activation of the preexisting structures by the Yanshanian tectono-thermal event(s) might be an important mechanism controlling the Yanshanian large-scale mineralization; (3) A-type granites formed by partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic crust, but with inputs from mantle-derived melt are also favorable for Sn mineralization, in addition to S-type and I-type granites as previously recognized; (4) Calculated oxygen fugacities (ƒO₂) of granitic magmas based on chemical compositions of primary biotite have been confirmed to be effective proxy for distinguishing Cu-Au-Mo-W-Sn-Pb-Zn mineralized granites from barren granites; (5) A significant epoch of W–Sn magmatic-hydrothermal ore system at ca. 145–135 Ma has been identified in the southeastern China Coast metallogenic belt; and (6) In addition to traditional structural geology, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology, new analytical techniques (e.g. Cu isotopes) and data treatment method (e.g., Bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition) can be used to provide more constraints for deep exploration.     

West Pacific and North Indian Ocean Seafloor and Their Ocean-Continent Connection Zones: Evolution and Debates

The Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean and their ocean-continent connection zones are the core area of "the Belt and Road". Scientific and in-depth recognition to the natural environment, disaster distribution, resources, energy potential of “the Belt and Road” development, is the cut-in point of the current Earth science community to serve urgent national needs. This paper mainly discusses the following key tectonic problems in the West Pacific and North Indian oceans and their ocean-continent connection zones (OCCZs): 1. modern marine geodynamic problems related to the two oceans. Based on the research and development needs to the two oceans and the ocean-continent transition zones, this item includes the following questions. (1) Plate origin, growth, death and evolution in the two oceans, for example, 1) The initial origin and process of the triangle Pacific Plate including causes and difference of the Galapagos and West Shatsky microplates; 2) spatial and temporal process, present status and trends of the plates within the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific Ocean to the evolution of the East Asian Continental Domain; 3) origin and evolution of the Indian Ocean and assembly and dispersal of supercontinents. (2) Latest research progress and problems of mid-oceanic ridges: 1) the ridge-hot spot interaction and ridge accretion, how to think about the relationship between vertical accretion behavior of thousands years or tens of thousands years and lateral spreading of millions years at 0 Ma mid-oceanic ridges; 2) the difference of formation mechanisms between the back-arc basin extension and the normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading; 3) the differentials between ultra-slow dian Ocean and the rapid Pacific spreading, whether there are active and passive spreading, and a push force in the mid-oceanic ridge; 4) mid-oceanic ridge jumping and termination: causes of the intra-oceanic plate reorganization, termination, and spatial jumps; 5) interaction of mantle plume and mid-oceanic ridge. (3) On the intra-oceanic subduction and tectonics: 1) the origin of intra-oceanic arc and subduction, ridge subduction and slab window on continental margins, transform faults and transform-type continental margin; 2) causes of the large igneous provinces, oceanic plateaus and seamount chains. (4) The oceanic core complex and rheology of oceanic crust in the Indian Ocean. (5) Advances on the driving force within oceanic plates, including mantle convection, negative buoyancy, trench suction and mid-oceanic ridge push, is reviewed and discussed. 2. The ocean-continent connection zones near the two oceans, including: (1) Property of continental margin basement: the crusts of the Okinawa Trough, the Okhotsk Sea, and east of New Zealand are the continental crusts or oceanic crusts, and origin of micro-continent within the oceans; (2) the ocean-continent transition and coupling process, revealing from the comparison of the major events between the West Pacific Ocean seamount chains and the continental margins, mantle exhumation and the ocean-continent transition zones, causes of transform fault within back-arc basin, formation and subduction of transform-type continental margin; (3) strike-slip faulting between the West Pacific Ocean and the East Asian Continent and its temporal and spatial range and scale; (4) connection between deep and surface processes within the two ocean and their connection zones, namely the assembly among the Eurasian, Pacific and India-Australia plates and the related effect from the deep mantle, lithosphere, to crust and surface Earth system, and some related issues within the connection zones of the two oceans under the super-convergent background. 3. On the relationship, especially their present relations and evolutionary trends, between the Paleo- or Present-day Pacific plates and the Tethyan Belt, the Eurasian Plate or the plates within the Indian Ocean. At last, this paper makes a perspective of the related marine geology, ocean-continent connection zone and in-depth geology for the two oceans and one zone.     

Geochronological Constraints on the Haftcheshmeh Porphyry Cu-Mo-Au Ore Deposit, Central Qaradagh Batholith, Arasbaran Metallogenic Belt, Northwest Iran

The Haftcheshmeh porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposit in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt(AMB) of NW Iran contains more than 185 Mt of ore, with a grade ranging from 0.3% to 0.4%. It is hosted within a porphyritic diorite to granodiorite intruded into an older gabbro-diorite intrusion. 40 Ar/39 Ar analyses of primary magmatic hornblende from the granodiorite porphyry and gabbro-diorite show plateau ages of 26.41 ± 0.59 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 25.9 ± 1.0 Ma and a plateau age of 27.47 ± 0.17 Ma, with an inverse isochron age of 27.48 ± 0.35 Ma for these two rock types, respectively. Comparing these new age data with those from the nearby Sungun(20.69 ± 0.35 Ma) and Kighal porphyry deposits defines a northwest-southeast Cu-Mo-Au mineralization zone extending for 20 km over the time span of ~27 to 20 Ma. Geochemically, Haftcheshmeh rocks are calc-alkaline with high potassium affinities with tectonic setting in relation to volcanic arc setting. Large ion lithophile elements(LILE) such as Th, U and K show enrichment on a primitive mantle normalized diagram(specially Pb), and are depleted in high field strength elements(HFSE) such as Ti and Nb, pointing to a mantle magma source contamination with crustal materials by subducted oceanic crust.     

丝绸之路经济带矿产开发利用状况及“走出去”相关对策建议

近年来,国家对矿产资源的政策有很大转变。在能源结构上,正在减少使用煤炭等污染较大的能源矿产,居民供暖方面未来以天然气为主。同时限制一些高能耗高排放的金属制品。矿产生产方面,在中国,一些储量下降过快或产能过剩污染高的矿产,不再鼓励大量生产和对外出口,同时强调利用国外资源,满足国家需求。对矿产综合利用的重视也提高到了新的高度。丝绸之路经济带国家矿产资源丰富,希望通过吸引国外投资和先进技术,发展本国矿产经济,提高当地居民的生活水平。中国和中亚各国的需求对接,为中国政府、企业、地勘单位进入中亚进行矿产开发奠定了良好的基础。梳理了中国及中亚五国的矿产资源开发利用现状和相关政策,从外部环境、资源互补、环境保护、基础设施等方面分析了中国政府、企业、地勘单位在中亚进行矿产开发存在的机遇和挑战,并针对上述问题,提出了需求对接、资源整合、环境评估、基地建设等相关对策建议。     

河南南召盆地上三叠统碎屑岩地球化学特征及物源示踪

三叠纪是秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山的关键时期,随着扬子、秦岭和华北板块分别沿勉略、商丹缝合带的汇聚拼合, 秦岭造山带逐渐形成并从板块构造体制向陆内造山体制转化,同时强烈的造山作用控制着周缘盆地的形成与演化。文章通 过研究区的碎屑岩元素地球化学分析,对河南南召盆地上三叠统的物源区及构造背景特征进行探讨。结果表明,上三叠统 源岩成分主要为上地壳长英质火山岩;源岩经历了中等的化学风化强度,校正后CIA值指示其形成于温暖潮湿的气候和相 对较强的构造活动环境;太山庙组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧与活动大陆边缘,太子山组源区构造背景主要为大陆岛弧 与被动大陆边缘。根据南召盆地近源沉积特征和秦岭造山带构造演化过程推断,秦岭造山带和华北南缘是南召盆地晚三叠 世的重要物源区,前期太山庙组物源主要由北秦岭隆升基底提供,后期太子山组物源可能来自南秦岭、北秦岭和华北南缘 沉积再循环。南召盆地上三叠统物源区的转变是晚三叠世秦岭造山带逆冲推覆作用逐渐增强的体现,对研究恢复秦岭构造 带造山隆升过程和周缘盆地盆山系统演化具有重要的意义。     

Evidence for two populations of classical transneptunian objects: The strong inclination dependence of classical binaries

We have searched 101 Classical transneptunian objects for companions with the Hubble Space Telescope. Of these, at least 21 are binary. The heliocentric inclinations of the objects we observed range from 0.6°-34°. We find a very strong anticorrelation of binaries with inclination. Of the 58 targets that have inclinations of less than 5.5°, 17 are binary, a binary fraction of . All 17 are similar-brightness systems. On the contrary, only 4 of the 42 objects with inclinations greater than 5.5° have satellites and only 1 of these is a similar-brightness binary. This striking dichotomy appears to agree with other indications that the low eccentricity, non-resonant Classical transneptunian objects include two overlapping populations with significantly different physical properties and dynamical histories.     

The origin of variable-δ18O zircons in Jurassic and Cretaceous Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt,Northeast China

This study reports new zircon U–Pb ages, Lu–Hf isotope data, and oxygen isotope data for Mesozoic Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB) of Northeast China, within the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Combining these new laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb ages with the results of previous research indicates that two stages of Mo-bearing granitoid magmatism occurred in the eastern XMOB, during the Early–Middle Jurassic (200–165 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (ca. 111 Ma). The eastern XMOB also contains Mo-bearing granitoids with variable δ¹⁸O compositions that record variations in source oxygen isotopic compositions. Combining δ¹⁸O data with zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data provides evidence of the origin of these granitoids. Three types of zircon have been identified within these granitoids. Type 1 zircons formed during the Mesozoic and having high δ¹⁸O values (5.71–7.05‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Luming, Jiapigou, and Kanchuangou areas. These zircons suggest that the Mo-bearing granitoids were derived from a source containing supracrustal materials. The type 2 zircons have extremely low and heterogeneous δ¹⁸O values (4.64–4.89‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Jidetun and Fuanpu areas. These magmas were generated by the remelting of juvenile crustal material that was previously significantly modified by interaction with fluids. Type 3 zircons generally have mantle-like δ¹⁸O values (5.42–5.57‰), with several zircons yielding higher δ¹⁸O values, suggesting that these intrusions formed from mantle-derived magmas that assimilated and were metasomatized by crustal material. Combining these geochemical data with the geology of this region indicates that the Mo-bearing granitoids were generated as a result of subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.