The magmatic to hydrothermal transition and its bearing on ore-forming systems

The exsolution of volatile phases from silicate magmas controls physical and chemical magma properties and influences large-scale geologic phenomena and processes having major societal and economic implications including the release of climate-altering gases to the atmosphere, the explosivity of volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal alteration, and the generation of magmatic–hydrothermal mineralization. These volatile phases exsolve from a wide variety of magmas and cover a very broad spectrum of compositions.

The transition from the orthomagmatic to the hydrothermal stages has important bearing on these fundamentally important geologic phenomena, and this report summarizes the published results of a dozen scientific investigations on the magmatic–hydrothermal transition as applied to volcanic eruption and magmatic–hydrothermal mineralization. These studies involve a variety of analytical and experimental methodologies, and many focus on fluid and melt inclusions from mineralized magmatic systems. A primary goal of each study is to better understand the role of magmatic volatiles and the importance of the magmatic–hydrothermal transition on these geologic processes.     

SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT IN NANQIN RESERVOIR

In order to preserve the storage capacity of the Nanqin Reservoir for long-term service, several remedial measures have been worked out: (a) measures to control the upstream extension of backwater deposits and to prevent gravel bed load from entering into the reservoir, so that no armour layer will be formed; (b) sediment sluicing by density current to reduce deposits of suspended load; (c) periodical sediment flushing by emptying reservoir to restore the effective storage capacity. In addition, conceptions of flood plain elevation in reservoir, storage volume required in the routing of turbid flow (density flow), the storage capacity that can be restored after being lost by deposition, and the storage volume for sediment regulation are also discussed.     

北祁连块状硫化物矿床中矿石和主要矿石矿物地球化学特征

对北祁连山白银矿田和郭密寺矿田中主要矿床的矿石和矿石矿物组分特征研究表明，由于各矿田的成矿条件和地球化学背景存在差异，造成不同矿床的矿石和矿石矿物元素组合各具特色。但作为同一类型矿床，它们之间又有很多共性，特别是同一矿田内各矿床的地球化学特征具有相似性和过渡性，反映了成矿条件变化的趋势。     

西藏谢通门县斯弄多铅锌矿区矿床地质特征和构造地球化学找矿研究

通过矿区现场调查、成矿构造分析,系统总结了矿区构造控矿规律。在此基础上开展构造地球化学找矿研究。区域性东西向挤压构造带是本区重要的控岩控矿构造,其与横向断裂、斜向断裂交汇部位是有利赋矿部位。矿区铅锌矿体产出受地层岩性控制明显,上石炭统昂杰组白云质灰岩及白云岩是有利的赋矿围岩。铅锌矿体与花岗斑岩小岩体关系密切,常位于花岗斑岩体和碳酸盐岩接触面附近。矿区不同岩石Pb、Zn、Mn、As、Sb、Mo、Cu、Bi、Sn含量高,变异系数大,可作为找矿指示元素。元素分布型式显示成矿元素Pb、Zn、Ag、Mn具特征的双峰式分布,表明这些元素卷入了成矿作用。由矿石结构特征和元素组合分析表明,本区铅锌成矿具多阶段性,多期矿化叠加造成矿化富集。原生晕剖面和元素分带研究表明,斯弄多铅锌矿区原生晕分带序列自上而下为(Cr-W-Co-V-Ni)→(Ti-Ba)→(Pb-Ag-Au-As-Sb-Cu-Bi)→(Sr-Zn-Mn-Mo-Sn)。作为前缘晕指示元素As、Sb位于中下部,与主成矿元素重叠,结合矿区控矿构造分析,推测矿区下部可能存在隐伏矿体。     

基于GIS的单元簇遗传建模及其在区域矿产预测中的应用

论述一种GIS支持下的基于"单元簇”概念和遗传建模的多源地学信息综合分析方法及在多目标矿产预测中的应用.在以往矿产定量预测中,根据随机抽样思想进行单元划分,对空间信息利用不够充分.用单元的空间组合("单元簇”)代替单元作为定量类比的基本单位,从而能较好实现地质变量值及其所反映的局部地质空间结构的定量类比;将单元作为GIS区图元,利用GIS空间分析功能实现对单元及单元簇的管理和操作;以已知样品判对率最大为适应值计算准则,用遗传算法建立线性判别函数,可快速有效地实现多目标矿产定位预测.以新疆康古尔塔格地区金矿预测实例说明了其应用效果.     

新疆伽师砂岩型铜矿床地质及S、Pb同位素地球化学

西南天山新生代山前盆地中的伽师铜矿是新疆近年发现和开发的一个重要的砂岩型铜矿,矿体产于古近系灰白色含岩屑钙质细砂岩中,呈与地层整合的板状、层状。矿石中硫化物主要为辉铜矿,矿体深部出现斑铜矿,极少量黄铁矿、闪锌矿等,硫化物多交代砂岩中胶结物或碎屑颗粒形成胶结结构,矿石发育稀疏浸染状、团块状、结核状等多种构造。矿石的硫同位素δ³⁴S_V-CDT在-33.4‰~-24.6‰之间。矿石的铅同位素组成²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.376~18.607、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.612~15.655、 ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.475~38.747。铜的硫化物矿化表现为含铜盆地流体(地下水)交代砂岩而沉淀,铜矿体形成于古近系细砂岩成岩晚期,矿石硫来源于细菌还原硫酸盐,矿石铅同位素组成指示成矿金属元素来自沉积盆地周围的蚀源区。     

鄂西北构家河金矿床成矿流体特征

构家河金矿床位于南秦岭武当山西缘,产于绢云绿泥石英片岩和变石英砂岩之中,受韧性滑脱剪切构造带控制。矿化类型主要有破碎带蚀变岩型和石英脉型,其中前者形成了破碎带蚀变岩型主矿体,呈似层状或透镜状分布于近南北向断裂中,次矿体分布在北西和北东向次级断裂中,为石英脉型矿体。成矿作用包括3个阶段:石英-硫化物阶段、石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。对主矿体石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段的流体包裹体进行了显微观察和测温,同时对不同阶段的石英和方解石、白云石等进行了D、O、C同位素测试。结果显示,包裹体以原生气液两相包裹体为主,且主要为富液相包裹体;石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段包裹体均一温度集中于180~270℃,峰值为220℃,盐度和密度分别为1.40%~14.46%和0.60~0.97g/cm~3;石英-碳酸盐阶段均一温度峰值为170℃,盐度和密度分别为1.34%~7.31%和0.86~0.96g/cm~3;石英-硫化物-金银矿化阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段石英的δD_(v-SMOW)值分别为-93.3%~70.9‰和-91.6%‰~-67.2‰,δ~(18)O_(v-SMOW)值为12.9‰~14.5‰和11.9‰~13.8‰;方解石和白云石的δ~(13)C_(V.PDB)值为-12.4‰~-12.0‰,δ~(18)O_(v-PDB)值为-18.4‰~-18.1‰。成矿流体特征显示该矿床初始成矿流体为中温、低盐度的变质热液,再结合区域成矿地质与成矿构造背景,认为构家河金矿为造山型金矿床。     

福建省紫金山矿田五子骑龙铜矿床流体包裹体研究

五子骑龙浆控高温热液型铜矿床位于紫金山矿田北东侧,产于紫金山复式花岗岩内,含矿岩体为燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩。矿石构造类型主要有脉状和网脉状、浸染状。根据矿物组合与脉体穿插关系,将脉体分为4个阶段。阶段1为绢云母化-迪开石化-硅化蚀变带的石英±钾长石脉;阶段2为被明矾石化-硅化叠加的绢云母化-迪开石-硅化蚀变带的石英-斑铜矿-黄铜矿-蓝辉铜矿-黄铁矿脉±铜蓝;阶段3为石英-铜蓝-黄铁矿脉体;阶段4为明矾石化-硅化蚀变带中的石英±石膏±方解石脉。阶段1发育WV类、C类和少量WL包裹体,阶段2发育WV类、C类和WL类包裹体,阶段3发育WL类和少量WV类包裹体,阶段4只发育WL类包裹体。含子矿物多相包裹体(S型)仅见于隐爆角砾岩体中花岗闪长斑岩的石英斑晶中。阶段1均一温度集中在362~570℃之间,盐度为4%~19.92% NaCleqv,流体体系为NaCl-CO₂-H₂O体系。阶段2均一温度集中在306~390℃,盐度为0.35%~13.94% NaCleqv,流体沸腾现象显著,CO₂等挥发份逸失。阶段3均一温度集中在233~308℃,盐度为0.18%~14.67% NaCleqv。阶段4均一温度降至132~230℃,盐度降至0.88%~6.16% NaCleqv。总体而言,流体从初始的高温NaCl-CO₂-H₂O体系演化为最终的低温NaCl-H₂O体系,期间发生了流体沸腾作用、CO₂等挥发份逸失、金属硫化物沉淀、大气降水混入等。     

东天山东戈壁钼矿辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及地质意义

东戈壁钼矿位于新疆东天山哈密库姆塔格沙垄东侧,康古尔断裂与雅满苏断裂之间.矿体赋存于隐伏斑状钾长花岗岩体上部,赋矿岩石为下石炭统干墩组变质泥质砂岩、变质砂质泥岩、变质砂岩等.矿石矿物主要为辉钼矿、黄铁矿,微量黄铜矿、金红石、方铅矿、闪锌矿,白钨矿、钛铁矿等,石英脉和裂隙发育部位发育辉钼矿,形成矿区内的富矿体.对辉钼矿中的Re-Os同位素年龄测定,获得矿床形成的等时线年龄为(231.1±1.5) Ma,加权平均年龄为(232.3±1.2) Ma,成矿时代为中三叠世.该矿床测年结果代表了东天山地区印支期一次成矿作用的高峰,为重建东天山地区中生代以来岩浆演化与成矿作用提供了科学依据和重要线索.     

Isotopic Characteristics and Key Factors Favoring the Formation of Fuwan Super-large Silver Deposit in Guangdong Province

Rb-Sr isochron age of fluid inclusions in quartz from the Fuwan super-large silver deposit is 68 - 6 Ma, the silver deposit is characterized by high μ values (10.67 - 10.95 ), which are much higher than those of the ore-hosted Paleozoic strata and are close to those of ores hosted in the Proterozoic metamorphic basement in western Guangdong Province. Based on the Pb isotopic characteristics, coupled with much high background silver contents (200-1000ng/g) in the Proterozoic basement and relatively low silver contents in the Paleozoic strata in the region of the Sanshui Basin, it is concluded that the ore-forming material of the super-large silver deposit came mainly from the old basement. The super-large silver deposit related genetically to the intense volcanic activities during the Upper Cretaceous to Eogene. The formation of the Fuwan super-large silver deposit is controlled by the following favorable geological conditions : ( 1 ) The intersection of deep faults and contemporaneous faults at the margin of the Sanshui Basin led to the formation of an excellent structure as passageway for ore fluids; (2) The special ore-hosted rock association forms a ore gathering-trap structure that favors the precipitation of ore; (3) The silver-rich old basement, multi-stage mineralization and multi-episode volcanic activities which constitute a geothermal convection system.