Tephra Fallout Models: The Effect of Different Source Shapes on Isomass Maps

Numerous tephra dispersion and sedimentation models rely on some abstraction of the volcanic plume to simplify forecasts of tephra accumulation as a function of the distance from the volcano. Here we present solutions to the commonly used advection–dispersion equation using a variety of source shapes: a point, horizontal and vertical lines, and a circular disk. These may be related to some volcanic plume structure, such as a strong plume (vertical line), umbrella cloud (circular disk), or co-ignimbrite plume (horizontal line), or can be used to build a more complex plume structure such as a series of circular disks to represent a buoyant weak plume. Basing parameters upon eruption data, we find that depositions for the horizontal source shapes are very similar but differ from the vertical line source deposition. We also compare the deposition from a series of stacked circular disk sources of increasing radius above the volcanic vent with that from a vertical line source.     

Transitive Geostatistics for Stepwise Modeling Across Boundaries between Rock Regions

A single intrinsic stationary random field may not account for transitional heterogeneity and abrupt dissimilarity of geological properties across boundaries between rock type regions. This paper proposes the stepwise construction of transitive covariance models for modeling continuous properties correlated across boundaries of multiple disjoint physical domains such as rock type bodies. Modeling in geology is usually simplified by splitting the geological space into rock type geo-domains (e.g., strata, sedimentary facies, soil series, diagenetic regions and alteration zones). Due to the limitations of simultaneous solutions, a simplification is to model each domain independently at the cost of losing the conditioning of properties across domains. This paper proposes to organize the modeling process in a triangular array which follows events in the geological time domain; for example, the younger formations are at the top of the pyramid and the older formation at the base. The estimation may go from top to base by assuming that younger events have perturbed older formations. Geology shows the scars of events that cumulate in rock formations before they are finally eroded. In some cases, older formations may be parent material for younger formations. The continuous property within each geo-domain has a conditional covariance in the main diagonal of the array which may belong to a specific event in the geological time. This sequence leads to transitive estimation and simulations in the physical space. If a simultaneous solution is sought (i.e., the future and past are correlated both ways), the complex covariance functions can be constructed stepwise from conditional spectra.     

Exploring the seismic expression of fault zones in 3D seismic volumes

Mapping and understanding distributed deformation is a major challenge for the structural interpretation of seismic data. However, volumes of seismic signal disturbance with low signal/noise ratio are systematically observed within 3D seismic datasets around fault systems. These seismic disturbance zones (SDZ) are commonly characterized by complex perturbations of the signal and occur at the sub-seismic (10 s m) to seismic scale (100 s m). They may store important information on deformation distributed around those larger scale structures that may be readily interpreted in conventional amplitude displays of seismic data. We introduce a method to detect fault-related disturbance zones and to discriminate between this and other noise sources such as those associated with the seismic acquisition (footprint noise). Two case studies from the Taranaki basin and deep-water Niger delta are presented. These resolve SDZs using tensor and semblance attributes along with conventional seismic mapping. The tensor attribute is more efficient in tracking volumes containing structural displacements while structurally-oriented semblance coherency is commonly disturbed by small waveform variations around the fault throw. We propose a workflow to map and cross-plot seismic waveform signal properties extracted from the seismic disturbance zone as a tool to investigate the seismic signature and explore seismic facies of a SDZ.     

三塘湖盆地晚石炭世火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物特征及其成因研究

火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物作为热液流体活动的产物,携带着流体沉淀时的物理化学环境信息。本文通过钻井岩芯、岩石薄片观察,结合X射线衍射、电子探针和扫描电镜等测试分析手段,对新疆三塘湖盆地晚石炭世火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物特征及成因进行了深入研究。研究区发育两类气孔填充物:一类气孔填充物的矿物类型多样,包括绿泥石、绿鳞石、片沸石、柱沸石、浊沸石、丝光沸石、方解石、赤铁矿,矿物填充序列为绿泥石/绿鳞石→沸石→方解石,主要赋存于熔岩层上部蚀变较为强烈的灰褐色安山岩中;另一类气孔填充物主要为蒙脱石,局部可见石英,矿物填充序列为蒙脱石→石英,常赋存于熔岩层中下部蚀变较弱的深灰色安山岩中。裂缝填充物分布具明显的分带性,其中由沸石、方解石、绿鳞石填充的脉体主要发育于灰褐色安山岩中,而石英脉仅见于深灰色安山岩中。根据气孔和裂缝填充物的沉淀序列及特定矿物稳定范围,结合岩石蚀变程度,笔者认为灰褐色安山岩火山岩气孔和裂缝填充物为低温碱性流体沉淀的产物,而深灰色安山岩气孔填充物为火山物质水化蚀变的产物,局部受到后期硅质流体的影响。     

藏南亚东地区前寒武纪亚东岩群的建立及其特征

藏南亚东地区前寒武纪结晶岩系以往统称为“聂拉木群”。本次研究发现该结晶岩系可划分为上、下两部分,二者之间原始接触关系为角度不整合。下部结晶岩系为本次新建的“亚东岩群”,其岩石组合为：下部为多种片麻岩夹少量细粒石英岩和黑云片岩;中部为多种混合岩;上部为多种片麻岩夹少量变粒岩、石英岩和片岩。不同部位的片麻岩和混合岩中含辉石岩、高压麻粒岩等“暗色”包体。研究表明,亚东岩群为角闪岩相─高角闪岩相变质作用的产物,经历了多期深部构造层次的韧性变形,与“聂拉木群”显著不同。因此,认为“聂拉木群”代表喜马拉雅地区全部“前寒武系”是值得商榷的。     

豫西西峡地区青岗坪花岗闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年、Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

豫西地区发育大量加里东期的花岗岩,研究这些花岗岩对于了解二郎坪岩群和北秦岭的构造演化具有重要的意义。通过对豫西青岗坪地区侵入二郎坪岩群的花岗闪长岩进行全岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb测年和Hf同位素的综合分析,取得以下初步认识:豫西青岗坪地区花岗闪长岩的形成年龄为475.2Ma±2.7Ma,此年龄限定了二郎坪岩群构造侵位的上限。豫西青岗坪花岗闪长岩具有较低的MgO、Fe2O3、Cr、Ni含量和相对较低的Mg#值,这些地球化学特征表明豫西青岗坪花岗闪长岩应为加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物。结合已有的资料,认为在古生代早期(520～480Ma)北秦岭地区发生了较大规模的陆壳汇聚碰撞,导致下地壳的缩短、叠置,豫西青岗坪花岗闪长岩便是这一俯冲叠置下地壳部分熔融的产物。     

磁测成果圈定半坡镁铁岩体及推断深部形态

半坡地区地面高精度磁测成果发现正磁异常与镁铁—超镁铁岩体的关系比较密切。随即开展△T异常圈定镁铁—超镁铁岩体范围,推断岩体的大大致形态,为在岩体中寻找岩浆岩型镍铜铂钯矿提供深部岩体形态资料。     

云南广南羊街金矿含矿地层及矿床成因

含金岩石为上二叠统沉凝灰岩。矿体产状与岩层产状基本一致,黄铁矿—毒砂—石英组合含金较好。矿床成因包括火山喷发和热液改造二个阶段。     

屏边—西畴山弧地体南缘发现铜镍多金属硫化矿

眤博铜镍多金属矿处于哀牢山地体、红河裂陷槽、屏边西畴山弧交汇派生的北西多条线性断裂收敛区,辉长橄榄岩为铜镍钴容矿岩体。重磁推测基性岩体规模巨大,有较大远景。矿床类型为岩浆深部熔离—单成贯入式铜镍多金属矿。     

西双版纳国防铁矿控矿条件及矿体分布规律

铁矿体赋存于中元古界大勐龙群疆峰旋回第二、四段。含矿岩石为变中基性熔岩、角闪(阳起)斜长变粒岩、透辉钠长(斜长)变粒岩,分为上(Ⅰ)和下(Ⅱ)矿层。上矿层不稳定,下矿层由4个矿体组成复式矿。铁质就地运移、聚集、变质,典型的受变质火山汽液磁铁矿床。