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251.
Michael O. Garcia Jackie Caplan-Auerbach M.D. Kurz 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2006,66(2):81-108
A half-century of investigations are summarized here on the youngest Hawaiian volcano, L?ihi Seamount. It was discovered in 1952 following an earthquake swarm. Surveying in 1954 determined it has an elongate shape, which is the meaning of its Hawaiian name. L?ihi was mostly forgotten until two earthquake swarms in the 1970s led to a dredging expedition in 1978, which recovered young lavas. The recovery of young lavas motivated numerous expeditions to investigate the geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of this active volcano. Geophysical monitoring, including a real-time submarine observatory that continuously monitored L?ihi's seismic activity for 3 months, captured some of the volcano's earthquake swarms. The 1996 swarm, the largest recorded in Hawaìi, was preceded earlier in the year by at least one eruption and accompanied by the formation of a ∼300-m deep pit crater, Pele's Pit. Seismic and petrologic data indicate that magma was stored in a ∼8-9 km deep reservoir prior to the 1996 eruption.Studies on L?ihi have altered conceptual models for the growth of Hawaiian and other oceanic island volcanoes, and refined our understanding of mantle plumes. Petrologic and geochemical studies of L?ihi lavas showed that the volcano taps a relatively primitive part of the Hawaiian plume, producing a wide range of magma compositions. These compositions have become progressively more silica-saturated with time, reflecting higher degrees of partial melting as the volcano drifts toward the center of the hotspot. Helium and neon isotopes in L?ihi glasses are among the least radiogenic found at ocean islands, and may indicate a relatively deep and undegassed mantle source for the volcano. The north-south orientation of L?ihi rift zones indicates that they may have formed beyond the gravitational influence of the adjacent older volcanoes. A new growth model indicates that L?ihi is older, taller and more voluminous than previously thought. Seismic and bathymetric data have clarified the importance of landsliding in the early formation of ocean island volcanoes. However, a fuller understanding of L?ihi's internal structure and eruptive behavior awaits installation of monitoring equipment on the volcano.The presence of hydrothermal activity at L?ihi was initially proposed based on nontronite deposits on dredged samples that indicated elevated temperatures (31 °C), water temperature, methane and 3He anomalies, and clumps of benthic micro-organisms in the water column above the volcano in 1982. Submersible observations in 1987 confirmed a low temperature geothermal system (15-30 °C) prior to the 1996 formation of Pele's Pit. The sulfide mineral assemblage (wurtzite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite) deposited after the pit crater collapsed are consistent with hydrothermal fluids with temperatures >250 °C, although the highest measured temperature was ∼200 °C. Vent temperatures decreased to ∼60 °C during the 2004 dive season indicating a waning of the current phase of hydrothermal activity. 相似文献
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新西兰克马德克弧上发育一热液活动极为活跃的海底潜火山——兄弟火山,为了研究该地区热液成矿模式,IODP376科学家于2018年5~7月在火山口选取了5个位置进行了钻探工作,并获得数百米岩芯。其中U1530A号钻孔采样深度为453.1 mbsf(meter below sea floor),共揭露76.77 m岩芯,部分呈现出一种蓝色调,被前人称作“蓝黏土”。为了查明其致色矿物、研究呈色机理及其地质意义,笔者等利用XRD、DR-UV-Vis、SEM、TEM对16.97-309.22 mbsf的11个样品进行了分析测试。根据测试结果可以将样品的矿物组合大致分为两类:①伊利石+绿泥石+殴泊-C+黄铁矿+硬石膏+石英±蓝铁矿;②叶蜡石+伊利石+石英±蓝铁矿。SEM和TEM形貌观察结果显示,蓝铁矿并不具有完好的晶形,甚至未发现微米级及以上尺寸的单颗粒,而仅以基质或胶结物形式均匀分布在样品中,最终导致样品被染色而呈现出不同色调的蓝色。蓝铁矿在IODP样品中的发现指示着研究区热液流体具有低温及还原性特征,且在蓝铁矿形成后也仍然保持着相对还原的环境而使得蓝铁矿能够稳定存在。 相似文献
256.
Behavior of Siderophile and Chalcophile Elements in the Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Changbaishan Volcano,NE China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The mantle xenoliths in the Quaternary ChangbaishanVolcano in southern Jilin Province contain spinel-facies lherzolites. The equilibration temperatures for these samples range from 902oC to 1064oC based on the two-pyroxene thermometer of Brey and K?hler (1990), and using the oxybarometry of Nell and Wood (1991), the oxidation state was estimated from FMQ-1.32 to -0.38 with an average value of FMQ-0.81 (n?=?8), which is comparable to that of abyssal peridotites and the asthenospheric mantle. The fO2 values of peridotites, together with their bulk rock compositions (e.g., Mg#, Al2O3, CaO, Ni, Co, Cr) and mineral compositions (e.g., Mg# of olivine and pyroxene, Cr# [=Cr/[Cr+Al]] and Mg# [=Mg/[Mg+Fe2+] of spinel), suggest that the present-day subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the Changbaishan Volcano most likely formed from an upwelling asthenosphere at some time after the late Mesozoic and has undergone a low degree of partial melting. The studied lherzolite xenoliths show low concentrations of S, Cu, and platinum group elements (PGE), which plot a flat pattern on primitive-mantle normalized diagram. Very low concentrations in our samples suggest that PGEs occur as alloys or hosted by silicate and oxide minerals. The compositions of the studied samples are similar to those of peridotite xenoliths in the Longgang volcanic field (LVF) in their mineralogy and bulk rock compositions including the abundance of chalcophile and siderophile elements. However, they are distinctly different from those of peridotite xenoliths in other areas of the North China Craton (NCC) in terms of Cu, S and PGE. Our data suggest that the SCLM underlying the northeastern part of the NCC may represent a distinct unit of the newly formed lithospheric mantle. 相似文献
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东亚地区春季硫氧化物浓度分布及其收支研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用一个耦合的区域化学输送模式系统,模拟了2001年3~4月间东亚区域二氧化硫(SO2)和硫酸盐(SO42-)气溶胶浓度的时空分布,并分析了它们的来源、输送、转化和沉降过程在浓度形成中的作用。为了检验模拟结果的合理性,侧重分析了4月9~12日SO2的输送和转化过程。在这一期间,SO2浓度观测资料显示,日本的观测站Happo、Oki和Hedo周围及日本海部分海域先后经历了一次SO2浓度高值。模拟结果表明,日本东京附近的三宅岛火山喷发严重影响了日本列岛和周边海域SO2和SO42-气溶胶的分布,是引起观测站周围及日本海部分海域SO2浓度高值的主要原因。3月1日至4月31日间的硫收支分析显示,气相与液相化学过程在SO2的氧化过程中具有同等的重要性,模拟区域排放的硫氧化物中有约42%(其中约25%为SO2)被输送到模拟区域以外,约57%(约35%为湿沉降)沉积在模拟区域内。 相似文献