黄海春季和秋季中华哲水蚤脂类含量及组成分析

脂类物质在哲水蚤的休眠、繁殖以及个体发育过程中发挥着重要作用,通过分析2010年11月(秋季)和2011年4月(春季)黄海中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus的脂类组成,对脂类各组分的生理功能进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季、秋季中华哲水蚤雌体脂类平均含量占干质量的10.6%和12%,C5期个体脂类含量偏高,占到干质量的17%。中华哲水蚤所含脂类主要由蜡脂和磷脂组成,两种脂类约占总脂的90%,三酰甘油含量约占总脂的6%。结合种群结构对脂类的生理作用进行了初步探讨,发现:(1)蜡脂作为主要的能量储存方式,其含量变化反映出不同发育期、不同季节中华哲水蚤的能量需求变化;(2)磷脂作为结构性脂类在中华哲水蚤个体生长与生殖过程中具有重要作用;(3)三脂酰甘油在中华哲水蚤中的含量不高,但是可能在脂类转化利用过程中发挥作用。     

Using Chlorine Dioxide to Remove the Fouling of Ultrafiltration Membrane and Control Disinfection By‐Products

Ultrafiltration (UF) can remove natural organic matter (NOM) effectively. Moreover, chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) has been an alternative disinfectant as it forms fewer disinfection by‐products with NOM than chlorination does. Therefore, combining ClO₂ with UF may improve conventional purification processes. In this study, feed water containing humic acid with 4.07 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC) was dosed directly with various amounts of ClO₂ (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L) before being filtered through a 5‐kDa UF membrane. With a low dose (2 mg/L ClO₂), UF removed humic acid effectively, as TOC was not detected in the permeate, and the permeate flux increased to about 80% of the initial permeate flux by cross flow. Moreover, the concentrations of ClO, ClO, and trihalomethanes in the permeate were below the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.     

Full‐scale Applications of Membrane Filtration in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

The performance of one pilot‐scale and two full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBR) were evaluated based on the control of main operational parameters, composition of microbial community and pathogens concentration in the treated outlet. Plants were designed for 0.75 m³/day (A), 60 m³/day (B) and 30 m³/day (C). Inlet and outlet samples were monitored for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH₄–N), nitrate nitrogen concentration, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentration concentrations. Plants showed good COD removal: 91.9% for Plant A, 97.8% for Plant B and 94.2% for Plant C. The targeted nitrogenous ion was NH₄–N due to the requirements for outlet limits. NH₄–N removal was moderate for Plant A (73.3%) and Plant B (86.1%) and excellent for Plant C (>99%). Excellent phosphorus removal was achieved by Plant A (average outlet concentration was 0.7 mg/L, efficiency 84.7%). Unsatisfactory results for phosphorus removal were achieved at the full‐scale plants due to operational problems. The dependency between the extracellular polymeric substances increase and decreasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids for both lab and full‐scale plants was confirmed. Soluble microbial product concentrations were reduced by 65–68% after coagulant dosage for Plant A. Outlets from the MBR plants were monitored for the presence of pathogens (thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal Enterococci and culturable microorganisms at 22 and 37°C). The treated effluent from Plant A, B and C met Czech national legislation regarding reuse criteria (standards) for environment, irrigation and swimming purposes. Plants B and C were not able to achieve requirements for potable water and personal hygiene quality standards.     

Kinetic Determination of Trace Amounts of Nitrite Using an Optical Chemical Sensor

An optical chemical sensor (optode) is proposed for the kinetic determination of nitrite ion. The optode was fabricated by the immobilization of methyl violet on a triacetylcellulose polymeric membrane. Methyl violet is covalently bonded to a transparent triacetylcellulose film. By immersion of the sensor into an acidic nitrite solution, the absorbance of the sensor at 596 nm decreases with time that is due to the reaction of nitrite with the immobilized methyl violet. A fixed time method of 15 min was used to monitor the reaction. The linear range for the determination of nitrite was 0.20–8.00 µg mL^?1 and the limit of detection was 0.08 µg mL^?1. The optodes were one‐shot, they had durability more than 2 months and were easily prepared. The optode was successfully applied to the determination of nitrite ion in spring water and sewage samples.     

Responses in growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition of four oleaginous microalgae to different nitrogen sources and concentrations

Nitrogen deficiency is an effective strategy for enhancing lipid production in microalgae. Close relationships exist among lipid production, microalgal species, and nitrogen sources. We report growth, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid composition in four microalgae （Chloroeoccum ellipsoideum UTEX972, Chlorococcum nivale LB2225, Chlorococcum tatrense UTEX2227, and Scenedesmus deserticola JNU19） under nitrate- and urea-nitrogen deficiencies. We found three patterns of response to nitrogen deficiency： Type-A （decrease in biomass and increase in lipid content）, Type-B （reduction in both biomass and lipid content）, and Type-C （enhancement of both biomass and lipid content）. Type-C microalgae are potential candidates for large-scale oil production. Chlorococcum ellipsoideum, for example, exhibited a neutral lipid production of up to 239.6 mg/（L＇d） under urea-nitrogen deficiency. In addition, nitrogen deficiency showed only a slight influence on lipid fractions and fatty acid composition. Our study provides useful information for further screening hyper-lipid microalgal strains for biofuel production.     

碱式水解法提取红土分子化石: 以安徽宣城更新世网纹红土为例

红土中种类丰富的分子化石为红土古生态研究提供了直接证据, 但较低含量的分子化石限制了传统索氏抽提方法的推广应用.本次研究尝试性地运用碱式水解法提取安徽宣城更新世红土中的分子化石, 在25g样品中检测到了含量明显、种类丰富的有机物, 且该方法可以显著地降低空白污染, 这说明碱式水解法在分子化石含量低的地质体(如红土) 研究中具有一定的应用潜力.本次研究检测出除了传统索式抽提得到的正构烷烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇等以外, 还提取到了二元羧酸这一重要化合物, 它的存在为网纹红土可能形成于多水环境提供了新的证据.测试样品中各类分子化石组合信息显示出红土有机物以微生物为主的来源特征, 表明网纹红土形成过程受到了微生物活动的影响, 同时伴有大量低等菌、藻来源有机质的输入, 初步结果为红土形成环境研究提供了新的证据.      

滇池湖泊沉积物中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂的组成特征

以云贵高原浅水湖泊—滇池作为研究对象,在对湖心一个63 cm沉积物柱样的有机质总体及分子有机地球化学研究的基础上,对沉积物有机质中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂（GDGTs）组成进行了测定。研究结果表明,滇池湖泊沉积物中具有丰富的GDGTs,且以反映陆相土壤来源的支链类GDGTs为主。该沉积柱样中支链类GDGTs的环化指标（CBT）和甲基化指标（MBT）揭示出:1）整个沉积阶段滇池流域土壤的pH值主要介于7.5~8.2,相对中、下部层段,上部层段pH值呈现略微减小的趋势;2）基于CBT/MBT重建的滇池流域内年平均气温呈现由早期的温暖潮湿气候逐渐向寒冷干燥气候变化,近来又有所回暖的变化过程,这可以很好地解释该沉积柱中、下层段记录的总体有机质主要特征的演化规律。     

膜过滤在污水处理中的应用研究进展

膜滤是借助一定的外加压力使液体穿过膜后分离成浓缩液和渗透液的分离技术。常用于水处理的膜滤依据过滤膜孔径、被截留物质的尺寸和施加的过滤压力不同可分为微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透等。介绍了不同膜滤技术的渗透原理、膜的类型、过滤模型以及膜的污染与防治,概述了膜过滤在处理垃圾填埋场渗沥液和处理纺织印染工业废水以及中水回用等领域的应用,并探讨了膜滤技术今后的研究方向。