Elimination of Swimming Pool Water Disinfection By‐products with Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)

Ozonation is a treatment step which was first applied in the 1960s in pool water treatment for disinfection as well as for oxidation of pool water contaminants. Contact time between ozone and pool water was identified to be of significance with an increased elimination efficiency regarding chloramines, trihalogenmethane formation potential and the permanganate index for longer reaction times. Oxidation via OH radicals might be the dominating pathway. In this study ozonation was compared with the ozone based advanced oxidation processes ozone/UV and ozone/hydrogen peroxide regarding the elimination efficiency of both disinfection by‐products (DBPs) and DBP precursors. It was observed that AOPs in comparison to ozonation showed an increased elimination efficiency regarding total organic carbon (TOC), the organically bound halogens adsorbable on activated carbon (AOX) and AOX formation potential. A contact time of 3 minutes between pool water and oxidant turned out to be practically sufficient. Just for the trihalomethane (THM) formation potential ozonation showed a slight advantage compared to the AOPs because ozonation is a highly selective oxidant and OH radical reactions are known to produce small reactive molecules which are easier transformed to THMs. Combination of membrane filtration and AOPs resulted in an elimination of 10 to 90 % of the DBPs and their precursors. The ozone/hydrogen peroxide process is suggested for pool water treatment because of the higher elimination rates compared to ozonation and of economic reasons compared to the ozone/UV process.     

Measurement of free heavy metal ion concentrations in soils using Donnan membrane technique

In natural systems heavy metals are present in very low concentrations (less than micro-molar) , so precise measurement of the free metal ions is difficult. Recently, a new method has been developed called the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Several heavy metals could be measured simultaneously using this method. Furthermore, all the metals did not interfere with each other, and the balance between the measured system and the surrounding condition could not be disturbed. Improvements were made according to the internal condition. The free heavy metal ion concentrations were measured in different systems using the improved method, and satisfied results have been obtained.     

Organic Geochemical Microanalysis by Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS)

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is a powerful method for the chemical analysis of solid surfaces. In this paper, the capabilities and limitations of this technique and the potential for its use in geochemical research are outlined. Using ToF‐SIMS, the chemical composition of sample structures down to 10–100 μm can be determined, without the need for pre‐selection or labelling of the analysed substances. In addition, the lateral distribution of organic and inorganic compounds can be mapped in geochemical samples at a resolution in the micrometre range. The capabilities of the technique in geochemistry are illustrated by two examples. In the first example, it is shown that ToF‐SIMS can be used to detect biomarkers in oil samples, making it a promising method for the analysis of biomarkers in fluid inclusions. In the second example, a number of specific lipid biomarkers were identified and mapped on the surface of a microbial mat cryosection surface. Post‐measurement optical microscopy correlated the localisation of the lipids with the presence of methanotrophic archaea in the microbial mat.     

Organic geochemistry of Deep Sea Drilling Project sediments from the Gulf of Calofornia—hydrothermal effects on unconsolidated diatom ooze

The effects of intrusive thermal stress have been studied on a number of Pleistocene sediment samples obtained from Leg 64 of the DSDP-IPOD program in the Gulf of California. Samples were selected from Sites 477, 478 and 481 where the organic matter was subjected to thermal stress from sill intrusions. For comparison purposes, samples from Sites 474 and 479 were selected as representative of unaltered material.The GC and GC-MS data show that lipids of the thermally unaltered samples were derived from microbial and terrestrial higher-plant detritus. Samples from sill proximities were found to contain thermally-derived distillates and those adjacent to sills contained essentially no lipids. Curie point pyrolysis combined with GC and GC-MS was used to show that kerogens from the unaltered samples reflected their predominantly autochthonous microbial origin. Pyrograms of the altered kerogens were much less complex than the unaltered samples, reflecting the thermal effects. The kerogens adjacent to the sills produce little or no pyrolysis products since these intrusions into unconsolidated, wet sediments resulted in in situ pyrolysis of the organic matter.Examination of the kerogens by ESR showed that spin density and line width pass through a maximum during the course of alteration but ESR g-values show no correlation with maturity. Stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) values of kerogens decrease by 1–1.5‰ near the sills at Sites 477 and 481 and the atomic N/C decreases slightly with proximity to a smaller sill at Site 478. Differences in maturation behavior between Site 477 and 481 and Site 478 are attributed to dissimilarities in thermal stress and to chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of Guaymas Basin protokerogen.     

Lipid composition of a Recent Polynesian microbial mat sequence

The extractable lipid composition of four layers of a microbial mat from Hao, French Polynesia, shows differences that reflect both the imprint of their microbial populations and the selective diagenetic transformations of specific microbial compounds.The uppermost layers, principally composed of cyanobacteria and other bacteria, contain lipids typical of such microbes, namely n-heptadecane, heptadecene, hexadecanoic acid, and various sterols. With increasing depth the selective degradation of lower n-alkane homologues occurs; n-alkenes also show enhanced degradation.The predominant sterols in the bottom horizon of the mat are C₂, and C₃₀ components, including dinosterol and other 4-methylsterols presumably derived from dinofiagellates. In addition, there is an increase in the proportion of stanols with depth, perhaps arising from preferential degradation of δ⁵-stenols.     

珠江口沉积柱中厌氧氨氧化活动的梯烷脂记录

为了反演珠江口过去环境的厌氧氨氧化活动状况,本文分析了来自珠江口3个站位的柱状沉积物中梯烷脂的含量,在所有的样品中均检测到了梯烷脂,表明珠江口地区存在厌氧氨氧化活动。P03沉积柱的梯烷脂总含量为0.16~4.13μg/g,L1为0.15~1.3μg/g,C2T为0.07~2.19μg/g。梯烷脂的垂直分布特征表明3个沉积柱中厌氧氨氧化细菌的来源可能不同,P03沉积柱中梯烷脂可能主要来源于沉积物中的厌氧氨氧化细菌,而L1梯烷脂可能来自上层水体和沉积物,C2T的厌氧氨氧化活动可能主要发生在底层缺氧水体中。将梯烷脂与总有机碳(TOC)作相关性分析,结果显示在TOC含量高的柱状样中,两者相关性好,TOC校准后的梯烷脂与原梯烷脂的分布趋势的一致性,表明梯烷脂含量能够指示厌氧氨氧化活动。对珠江口过去的厌氧氨氧化活动的重建表明P03站位沉积物中厌氧氨氧化活动自1970—1990增强,L1站位的厌氧氨氧化活动近十年来亦逐年增强,C2T站位上覆水体的厌氧氨氧化活动则呈现近几年快速增强的趋势。虽然本研究仅初步探讨了近些年来珠江口厌氧氨氧化活动的变化规律,但为进一步研究珠江口氮循环过程提供了良好的基础。     

黄、渤海沉积物中陆源脂类有机质的组成分布与转化特征

本文对黄、渤海表层沉积物中脂类化合物的组成进行了分析研究。结果表明,黄、渤海表层沉积物有机碳的含量为0.03%~1.02%,以黄河口含量最低,黄河口外和双台子河口外,以及北黄海和南黄海中部含量较高。有机质碳稳定同位素δ13C的分布为-21.55‰~-24.28‰,表征其陆海双重来源特征,并且海源特征由河口向海、由近岸向离岸逐渐增强。陆源脂类化合物以河口处略高,河道处略低,由河口向渤海中部和靠近渤海海峡方向迅速降低,表现出显著的河流输入特征;其形态组成由河道的游离态接近100%的绝对优势,迅速转变为渤海中部的以皂化结合态为主（大于50%）,仅在渤海中部和渤海海峡附近存在小于5%的矿物结合态,转化程度较低。北黄海中部和南黄海中部泥质区的有机碳和陆源脂类化合物显著富集,但其对总有机碳的相对贡献较小;其中皂化结合态超过50%,矿物结合态小于10%,说明其具有中等偏高的转化程度。     

Measurement of methanotroph and methanogen signature phosopholipids for use in assessment of biomass and community structure in model systems

Methanotrophic biomass and community structure were assessed for a soil column enriched with natural gas. An increase in microbial biomass, based on phospholipid ester-linked fatty acids (PLFA), was apparent for the natural gas-enriched column relative to a control column and untreated surface soil. Following GC-MS analyses of the derivatized monounsaturated fatty acids, the major component (22% of the PLFA) of the natural gas-enriched column was identified as 18·1Δ 10c. This relatively novel fatty acid has only been previously reported as a major component in methanotrophs. Its presence in the soil, together with other supportive evidence, implies that this microbial metabolic group makes a large contribution to the column flora. Other microbial groups were also recognized and differences compared between the soils analysed. A recently developed HPLC method for the separation and characterisation of archaebacterial phospholipid-derived signature di- and tetra-ether lipids was used to examine methane-producing digesters. With this technique, methanogenic biomasses of approximately 10¹¹ bacteria per g dry weight of digestor material were determined. Differences between ratios of diether to tetraether phospholipids were apparent for the digestors analysed, though the causes are at this stage unknown. Taken together, these two methods can be used to estimate methanotrophic and methanogenic contributions in both model systems and environmental samples.     

墨西哥海参和菲律宾刺参的化学成分和降血脂作用比较

比较研究了墨西哥海参(Holothuria mexicana)、菲律宾刺参(Pearsonothuria graeffei)的化学成分和对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂水平和抗氧化能力的影响。实验结果表明,墨西哥海参的Arg/Lys比值和降血脂氨基酸(Gly,Arg)含量明显高于菲律宾刺参,而菲律宾刺参的岩藻聚糖硫酸酯含量高于墨西哥海参。墨西哥海参和菲律宾刺参均能明显降低模型大鼠血清TC,LDL-C含量和动脉粥样硬化指数(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高HDL-C和NO(P<0.05,P<0.01)含量;显著降低血清和肝脏中MDA含量(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高血清SOD和GSH-PX(P<0.05,P<0.01)活性。其中,墨西哥海参对动脉粥样硬化指数的降低作用显著优于菲律宾刺参。提示了墨西哥海参和菲律宾刺参能有效预防高脂血症和动脉粥样硬化的形成,可能与蛋白质的氨基酸组成有关。