Lambert冰川流域东西两侧气候环境变化

1992~1993年,中国科学家参加了澳大利亚南极考察队对Lambert冰川流域西侧的考察,1996起,中国南极考察队对Lambert流域东侧进行了多次考察。本文基于以上考察的研究成果,对Lambert冰川流域东西两侧气候环境变化特征进行了对比研究。结果表明：Lambert冰川两侧无论是降水还是温度,在几十年时间尺度上其变化趋势都存在着明显差异,Lambert冰川东西两侧从海岸向内陆近500 km断面上表面积累速率的分布截然不同,同时,Lambert冰川东西两侧的δ¹⁸O随温度的变化率 (又简称δ－温度梯度) 差别也很大,另外,反映水汽输送强度的海盐离子浓度近50年来的变化趋势相反。以上证据表明,Lambert冰川谷地可能是东南极洲一条重要的气候界线,其原因可能是特殊的局地环流 (顺时针的气旋活动) 导致不同的水汽来源,再加上局部地形的影响所致。     

近期气候变暖念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川处于退缩状态

1999和2003年在念青唐古拉山冰川考察期间,采用GPS对拉弄冰川末端位置进行了测量,并将将测量结果与1970年航摄冰川末端位置进行对比分析.结果表明:1970-1999年拉弄冰川末端退缩了285m,平均年退缩量9.8m;1999-2003年拉弄冰川退缩13m,平均年退缩量3.25m.由于冰川对气候的响应有一定滞后性,近年来气候持续变暖将使拉弄冰川继续保持退缩状态.     

Glacier changes and their impacts on the discharge in the past half-century in Tekes watershed,Central Asia

The glacier is an important and stable water supply in Central Asia. Monitoring the change of glacier and understanding the impacts of glacier change on river discharge are critical to predict the downstream water availability change in future. Glacier changes were discussed and their impacts on river discharge were evaluated by hydrological modeling with a distributed hydrological model SWAT under two land use and land cover scenarios (1970 and 2007) in Tekes watershed, the most important source of water discharge to the Ili River. Compared to the glacier area of 1511 km² in 1970s it decreased by 332 km² in 2007, which resulted in the contribution the discharge from precipitation in the glacier area to the average annual discharge of the watershed changing from 9.8% in the period 1966–1975 to 7.8% in the period 2000–2008. In the month scale, with the decrease of glacier area, the distribution of the contribution of monthly discharge from precipitation in the glacier area to the total of the watershed changed from bimodal pattern to unimodal pattern. By linking a hydrological model to remote sensing image analysis and Chinese glacier inventories to determine glacier area change our approach in quantifying the impacts of glacier changes on hydrology at different scales, will provide quantitative information for stakeholders in making decisions for water resource management.     

Accurate ocean tide modeling in southeast Alaska and large tidal dissipation around Glacier Bay

An accurate prediction of ocean tides in southeast Alaska is developed using a regional, barotropic ocean model with a finite difference scheme. The model skill is verified by the observational tidal harmonics in southeast Alaska including Glacier Bay. The result is particularly improved in Glacier Bay compared to the previous model described by Foreman et al. (2000). The model bathymetry dominates the model skill. We re-estimate tidal energy dissipation in the Alaska Panhandle and suggest a value for tidal energy dissipation of 3.4 GW associated with the M₂ constituent which is 1.5 times the estimation of Foreman et al. (2000). A large portion of the M₂ energy budget entering through Chatham Strait is dissipated in the vicinity of Glacier Bay. Moreover, it is shown that the developed model has the potential to correct the ocean tide loading effect in geodetic data more efficiently than the model of Foreman et al. (2000), especially around Glacier Bay.     

Second-Order Modelling of Turbulence in Katabatic Flows

A complete one-dimensional second-order closure model is used to simulate katabatic flows observed on glaciers and ice caps. The model is tested with two different closure assumptions for the viscous dissipation, one based on a prognostic equation for and the other on a diagnostic buoyant length scale. Both formulations give quite similar results. Model simulations are compared to observations made over sloping ice surfaces during periods dominated by katabatic flow. In general, good agreement is found for both mean wind and temperature profiles as well as eddy correlation measurements. It is also found that the turbulent transport terms play an important role in katabatic flows as opposed to the classical stable boundary layer where these terms are usually ignored. Even the turbulent transport of temperature variance, which leads to the well-known countergradient term in unstable boundary layers, is relatively important for modelling the observed temperature profiles. The effect of these terms on the flux-profile relationships, using observed and simulated profiles, is also discussed.     

2010-2020年祁连山东段冷龙岭宁缠河1号冰川变化综合观测研究

冰川物质平衡研究对流域内水资源的分配和利用具有重要的指导意义.发源于祁连山的冰川融水是河西走廊和柴达木盆地重要的淡水来源.近年来,祁连山地区的冰川经历了不同程度的退缩,东段退缩尤其明显.基于祁连山东段冷龙岭地区宁缠河1号(NC01)冰川2010-2020年冰川物质平衡观测数据,结合Google Earth高分辨率历史影...     

现代冰川体积变化研究方法综述

冰川作为气候变化的指示器,在气候变暖的趋势下呈加速退缩的趋势。冰川消融加速对海平面上升、区域水循环和水资源可获取性均有重要影响。冰川体积作为冰川研究的一项重要内容,越来越被研究者关注。围绕极地冰盖、山地冰川体积研究概况,较系统地总结分析研究冰川体积变化的方法,主要包括传统测量方法、统计公式法、冰川地形测量法和遥感监测法,现代冰川体积变化的研究也由传统的实地测量、统计公式法等向遥感监测研究发展,并分析各方法在主要冰川类型中的应用情况。借助遥感手段监测冰川动态变化可有效解决高寒山区资料受限的问题,成为冰川学发展的重要趋势。     

祁连山七一冰川消融期间的能量平衡特征

冰川表面的能量平衡可以描述冰雪消融与气候响应之间的物理机制,利用2006年6月9日至9月28日在祁连山七一冰川消融区中部自动气象站(AWS)的观测资料,对七一冰川表面的能量平衡进行了估算.结果显示:在冰川消融期,净辐射、湍流热通量和冰川消融耗热是能量平衡的主要组成部分,能量收入方面主要是净辐射和感热通量,分别约占总能量收入的82.4%和17.6%;而支出方面主要是冰雪消融耗热和潜热释放,分别约占总能量支出的87.2%和12.8%.2006年7月31日至8月6日进行了为期近7 d的冰面径流场观测,基于能量平衡原理,对冰川表面的消融进行了模拟,模拟的消融速率和实测的冰面消融数据吻合的较好.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分布格局

采用免培养的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)指纹、 克隆测序、 系统发育分析对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分格局进行了研究.结果表明: 1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层存在一些优势种群, 在所有6个取样深度的土层中均有分布.但不同深度土层古菌群落结构存在明显的差异, 在浅表层检测到一些特异的序列, 系统发育分析表明: 它们分别隶属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria)和热原体纲(Thermoplasmata), 而在深层土样没有检测到. 1号冰川前沿高山草甸带冻土活动层古菌群落以奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)类群占据绝对优势, 全部隶属于被称为group1.1b的谱系.其中, 一些序列与不可培养的Nitrososophaera氨氧化古菌序列亲缘关系较近, 可能预示着这些中温泉古菌在氨氧化过程中发挥着重要作用, 对其群落结构及生态学贡献还有待更深入研究.     

中国西部大陆性冰川与海洋性冰川物质平衡变化及其对气候响应——以乌源1号冰川和帕隆94号冰川为例

为认识全球变暖背景下中国西部大陆性冰川与海洋性冰川物质平衡变化及其对气候响应,本研究以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和藏东南帕隆94号冰川为例,结合大西沟与察隅站气象资料,对1980 — 2015年两条冰川的物质平衡变化特征及差异进行了分析。结果表明：36 a来乌源1号冰川与帕隆94号冰川物质平衡总体上均呈下降趋势,累积物质平衡达-17102与-8159 mm w.e.,相当于冰川厚度减薄19与9.01 m,且分别于1996、2004年左右发生突变。同期两条冰川所处区域年均温呈显著上升趋势,而降水量却表现出不同的变化态势;二者年内气温分配相仿,但降水分配差异较大。初步分析认为气温上升是导致乌源1号冰川与帕隆94号冰川物质亏损的主要原因,冰川区气温和降水变化幅度的差异和地性因子（坡度、冰川面积）的不同使得乌源1号冰川对气候变化响应的敏感性高于帕隆94号冰川,由于目前海洋性冰川物质平衡监测时段相对较短,为深入研究中国西部冰川物质平衡变化及过程仍需加强对冰川的持续观测。