祁连山老虎沟12号冰川雷达测厚和冰下地形特征研究

冰川地形是构建冰川流动模型的基础,对于认识冰川响应气候变化的动力机制具有重要意义.在2009年和2014年消融季,使用探地雷达对祁连山老虎沟12号冰川进行了厚度测量和冰下地形观测,获得了沿冰川中流线和多条横剖面的厚度资料,并对中流线上的厚度分布特征和槽谷形态进行了研究.研究结果表明,东、西支冰川的平均厚度分别为190m和150m,东支冰川冰下地形起伏大于西支,支冰川的表面坡度都较缓和.东、西支冰川进入汇合区时厚度分别为122m和157m,由于支冰川的横向挤压和汇流,汇合区中部冰川厚度增加到162m.冰川槽谷形态具有空间差异,东、西支冰川槽谷形态近似于对称的V型,但是在冰川汇合区,槽谷底部变宽,边坡变缓,发育有不对称槽谷.     

祁连山东段冷龙岭地区宁缠河3号冰川变化研究

2009年7月对祁连山东段冷龙岭地区宁缠河3号冰川进行了野外考察, 对冰川周围布设测量控制网, 并利用GPS-RTK技术测量了冰川表面高程与面积、 末端等信息, 同时使用加拿大EKKO型探地雷达测量了冰川厚度. 结合1972年航测1973年调绘出版的地形图以及1995年与2009年两景TM影像等资料, 分析研究了宁缠河3号冰川自1972年以来的变化. 结果表明: 宁缠河3号冰川近37 a以来萎缩严重, 冰川末端退缩约6%, 面积减小13.1%, 冰川体积减少35.3%; 冰川主要以减薄的形式在萎缩, 冰川平均厚度由1972年的36.8 m, 减为2009年的27.4 m. 周边站点气象资料表明, 该区域近几十年来出现不同程度的升温, 是导致冰川快速萎缩的主要原因.     

THE RESPONSE OF PARTIALLY DEBRIS‐COVERED VALLEY GLACIERS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE EXAMPLE OF THE PASTERZE GLACIER (AUSTRIA) IN THE PERIOD 1964 TO 2006

Long‐term observations of partly debris‐covered glaciers have allowed us to assess the impact of supra‐glacial debris on volumetric changes. In this paper, the behaviour of the partially debris‐covered, 3.6 km² tongue of Pasterze Glacier (47°05′N, 12°44′E) was studied in the context of ongoing climate changes. The right part of the glacier tongue is covered by a continuous supra‐glacial debris mantle with variable thicknesses (a few centimetres to about 1 m). For the period 1964–2000 three digital elevation models (1964, 1981, 2000) and related debris‐cover distributions were analysed. These datasets were compared with long‐term series of glaciological field data (displacement, elevation change, glacier terminus behaviour) from the 1960s to 2006. Differences between the debriscovered and the clean ice parts were emphasised. Results show that volumetric losses increased by 2.3 times between the periods 1964–1981 and 1981–2000 with significant regional variations at the glacier tongue. Such variations are controlled by the glacier emergence velocity pattern, existence and thickness of supra‐glacial debris, direct solar radiation, counter‐radiation from the valley sides and their changes over time. The downward‐increasing debris thickness is counteracting to a compensational stage against the common decrease of ablation with elevation. A continuous debris cover not less than 15 cm in thickness reduces ablation rates by 30–35%. No relationship exists between glacier retreat rates and summer air temperatures. Substantial and varying differences of the two different terminus parts occurred. Our findings clearly underline the importance of supra‐glacial debris on mass balance and glacier tongue morphology.     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川微粒在沉积后过程的变化特征

2008年10月和2009年10月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积累区采集了2个雪坑样品, 通过样品中δ¹⁸O、可溶性离子、不溶性微粒的变化特点划分了雪坑季节. 2008年雪坑季节变化信号明显, 而2009年雪坑不明显, 微粒浓度、Ca²⁺与Mg²⁺含量在春季较高. 离子平衡、pH值、电导率及同期气象记录观测资料均显示, 2009年雪坑受淋溶影响较大. 淋溶强烈时, 受融水造成的粉尘溶解及离子淋溶的影响, 雪坑中微粒与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺变化趋势不甚一致; 与Ca²⁺相比, Mg²⁺变化能够较好表征微粒的变化; d>5 μm的微粒可能更易于溶解迁移. 通过分析室内雪冰样品在液态下的变化, 发现伴随静置过程微粒的质量浓度呈下降的趋势, 期间Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺却呈现增加的变化, 可能与碳酸盐矿物的溶解有关.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川表面辐射特征观测研究

在资料比较稀少的偏远山地冰川进行地面综合气象观测对于研究冰川变化极其重要.珠穆朗玛峰(27.98°N,86.92°E,海拔8844.43 m)地区位于青藏高原南部边缘喜马拉雅山脉中段,自然地理条件独特,环境脆弱,是气候变化和环境变迁的敏感区,同时也是现代冰川作用中心.2005年5-7月和2007年10月-2008年1月在珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川积累区(28°01'N,86°57'E,海拔6560 m)开展了综合气象观测研究.分析表明,在东绒布冰川积累区春末夏初月平均气温从5月的-11.3℃上升到7月的-3.4℃,秋冬季月平均气温则从10月的-11.3℃下降到次年1月的-19.0℃.秋冬季主要受西风气流影响,盛行西风或西北风,而且风速较大,1月最大风速达到35 m/s;而在印度季风爆发后主要以南风或西南风为主,风速相对较小.由于海拔高、冰雪面与云之间的多重反射以及复杂地形影响导致地面总辐射较大.春末夏初和秋冬季总辐射平均值分别达到635和502 W/m2.尤其造成5-6月正午前后10 min短波辐射平均值发生超太阳常数的现象比较频繁,最长持续时间接近3 h.晴天由于周围地形作用可使地面总辐射增加140-310 W/m2,约占短波辐射的10%-23%.春末夏初和秋冬季平均反射率分别为0.72和0.69.云和空气湿度对大气长波辐射的影响比较显著,导致大气长波辐射同样具有日变化特征.在地表辐射平衡中云对地面净辐射起负效应.除在秋冬季阴天日平均净辐射为负值外,其余时间均为正值,说明净辐射是地表能量的主要来源.     

Dynamics and palaeoclimatic significance of a Loch Lomond Stadial glacier: Coire Ardair,Creag Meagaidh,Western Highlands,Scotland

The extent, basal conditions and retreat history of a Loch Lomond Stadial glacier are reconstructed based on detailed geomorphological and sedimentological assessment. We present new evidence from the vicinity of Coire Ardair that supports the former existence of a warm-based, locally-fed valley glacier, with probable cold-based ice on the surrounding plateau. This is broadly consistent with modelled creep-dominated flow in the upper catchment and sliding-dominated flow throughout much of the valley. A dense suite of moraines, primarily formed in ice-marginal environments, records a multi-phase recessional history: (1) active and oscillatory retreat; (2) a prolonged ice stillstand; (3) partial ice stagnation with occasional minor readvances; (4) increased oscillatory retreat with a substantial readvance event; and (5) rapid and uninterrupted retreat. We propose that a Coire Ardair glacier responded to sub-centennial scale climate fluctuations, possibly associated with the periodic delivery of warmer air masses to the region, rather than to a single, prominent shift in climate.     

1959-2013年中国境内萨吾尔山冰川变化特征

萨吾尔山冰川条数少,中国冰川编目将萨吾尔山南北坡的冰川分别附入了天山和阿尔泰山区的冰川,不便于冰川变化研究,因此应给予其特殊考虑.鉴于前人工作中鲜有涉及该区的冰川研究,以萨吾尔山区冰川为研究对象,利用地形图、冰川编目数据以及Landsat遥感影像数据结合实测探地雷达数据,分析萨吾尔山地区冰川变化特征.通过目视解译结合野外实地观测的方法,得到1959-2013年该区的冰川变化特征.结果表明:总体上,萨吾尔山冰川持续退缩明显,1959-2013年中国境内的冰川面积由17.69 km²退缩为10.13 km²,退缩率42.74%,平均每年退缩0.14 km²;萨吾尔山北坡的冰川退缩率为37.57%,南坡退缩率为72.69%,南坡冰川退缩率基本为北坡的两倍.分析认为,南坡冰川退缩率较高的原因除了与坡向因素有关外,单条冰川面积大小是该差异的主要影响因素;基于木斯岛冰川探地雷达测厚结果,对该冰川体积进行了初步估算并与1959年地形图估算出的体积进行对比,发现该冰川体积减少约44.6%.     

Regional modelling of present,past and future potential distribution of discontinuous permafrost based on a rock glacier inventory in the Bagnes‐Hérémence area (Western Swiss Alps)

A regional model was used to draw the permafrost distribution in the 200 km 2 of the Bagnes-Hérémence area (Western Swiss Alps). The model is based on the fact that permafrost distribution depends mainly on altitude and orientation and that the minimal altitude of active/inactive rock glaciers can be used as an indicator of the lower limit of discontinuous permafrost. The lower limit of relict rock glaciers is also used as an indicator of past distribution of permafrost. An inventory of rock glaciers was therefore made in the study area. The lower limit of permafrost during the Younger Dryas was determined by comparing the position of relict rock glaciers and glacier extension during the Older Dryas. The model was then applied to four periods (Younger Dryas, Little Ice Age, current period and future) in order to show the temporal evolution of permafrost distribution and glacier extension.     

ABLATION OF ICE‐CORED MORAINE IN A HUMID,MARITIME CLIMATE: FOX GLACIER,NEW ZEALAND

Depending on thickness, debris‐cover can enhance or reduce ablation, compared to bare‐ice conditions. In the geological record, hummocky moraines often represent the final product of the melt‐out of ice‐cored moraines, and the presence or absence of such moraine deposits can have paleoclimatic implications. To evaluate the effects of varying debris‐cover and climate on ice‐melt in a maritime mid‐latitude setting, an 11‐day ablation stake study was undertaken on ice‐cored moraine at Fox Glacier, on the western flank of the New Zealand Southern Alps. Ablation rates varied from 1.3 to 6.7 cm d^?1, with enhancement of melt‐rate under thin debris‐covers. Highest melt‐rates (effective thickness) occurred under debris‐cover of c. 2 cm, with ～3 cm being the debris thickness at which melt‐rates are equal to adjacent bare‐ice (critical thickness). Air temperature from nearby Franz Josef Glacier allowed for a simple degree‐day approach to ablation calculations, with regression relationships indicating air temperature is the key climatic control on melt. Digital elevation models produced from topographic surveys of the ice‐cored moraine over the following 19 months indicated that ablation rates progressively decreased over time, probably due to melt‐out of englacial debris increasing debris‐cover thickness. The morphology of the sandur appears to be strongly determined by episodic high‐magnitude fluvial flows (jökulhlaups), in conjunction with surface melt. Thus, ‘hummocky’ moraine appears to be a transient landform in this climatic setting.     

Analysis on factors of glacier velocity: A case study of the Qiyi Glacier, Qilian Mountains

Glacier shape factors (area, length, and thickness), climatic factors (annual temperature and precipitation), mass balance, and other influence factors, of the Qiyi glacier velocity and their intensity were analyzed with the application of the path analysis method during 1958–2007. Results indicate that glacier velocity was mainly influenced by glacier shape, followed by mass balance and climatic conditions. Among the influence factors, glacier area and thickness are most significant, and direct and indirect path coefficients are respectively 6.56, 4.71, 19.29 and 13.57. This research provides information for further understanding glacier velocity and its influencing factors.