Late Devonian–early Permian accretionary orogenesis along the North Tianshan in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The Palaeozoic orogenic process in the North Tianshan of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt is controversial. Systematic field study indicates that the ophiolitic fragments of the North Tianshan are mainly thrust slices and blocks of a late Palaeozoic accretionary complex, which was intruded by granitoids. U-Pb zircon dating of plagiogranites from the North Tianshan ophiolite yielded a mean age of 343.1 ± 2.7 Ma. These are typical oceanic plagiogranites but with a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) signature. Ophiolitic basalts display N-MORB, E-MORB, and OIB compositions. One gabbro with an age of 301.9 ± 2.2 Ma shows E-MORB geochemistry mixed with N-MORB and OIB. Some andesites show clear island arc characters indicated by enrichment of LILEs relative to HFSEs. Mean ages of 344.9 ± 4.2 and 298.7 ± 2.4 Ma were obtained for a granite porphyry and a mylonitic granite, respectively. The two granitoids display an island arc geochemical signature evidenced by enrichment of LILEs and depletion of HFSEs. Combined with an eastward migration of Late Devonian to Carboniferous arc magmatism and related Cu-Au-Mo deposits, we propose that trench retreat and slab roll-back took place during subduction of the Junggar Ocean spreading ridge beneath the North Tianshan arc, and that the accretion may have lasted into early Permian time, an important late stage of the long-lived accretionary orogenesis in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt.     

新疆西准噶尔玛依勒蛇绿岩中镁铁-超镁铁质岩的地球化学、年代学及其地质意义

玛依勒蛇绿岩出露于玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩带中,该带位于西准噶尔造山带西南缘,是区内规模较大的一条蛇绿混杂岩带,蛇绿岩中镁铁-超镁铁质岩研究对探讨古亚洲洋古生代构造演化具有重要意义。本文选取玛依勒蛇绿岩中的镁铁-超镁铁质岩进行系统的岩石学、地球化学和年代学研究。结果表明,玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩中超镁铁质岩以富集Al_2O_3、CaO为特征,TiO_2含量与俯冲带之上地幔橄榄岩中含量相当,稀土配分曲线为轻稀土富集型,微量元素受蚀变作用影响,呈现出两种不同的曲线特征。镁铁质岩石可分为两组:I组镁铁质岩具有高MgO、低Al_2O_3,LREE轻微富集,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta的特征,形成于消减带相关的岛弧环境;Ⅱ组镁铁质岩具有富碱、TiO_2,且呈LREE显著富集的右倾稀土配分曲线特征,富集大离子亲石元素,Nb、Ta正异常特征,代表了洋盆中海山或洋岛的残片。I组镁铁质岩中两个辉长岩岩块的LA-ICP-MS锆石UPb年龄分别为512.1±7.2Ma(MSWD=0.014)和531±12Ma(MSWD=0.17),与巴尔鲁克蛇绿岩、唐巴勒蛇绿岩中镁铁质岩岩块获得的锆石U-Pb年龄相吻合,且这三条蛇绿岩都具有SSZ型蛇绿岩的地球化学特征,可能为不同环境下同一洋盆的演化产物。     

藏北羌塘中部果干加年山石炭纪蛇绿岩地球化学特征及LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄

在羌塘地区开展1∶5万戈木日区域地质调查的过程中,为研究龙木错—双湖板块缝合带的演化历史,探讨青藏高原羌塘中部地区的构造演化,对果干加年山地区的蛇绿岩进行了详细研究。石炭纪蛇绿岩变质堆晶辉长岩是填图过程中的新发现。全岩地球化学研究结果显示,岩石ΣREE较低,LREE弱富集,轻、重稀土元素分异程度不高;富集Rb、Bb等大离子亲石元素,明显亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等元素,具有典型的SSZ型蛇绿岩特征,表明其形成于俯冲带之上。蛇绿岩中变质堆晶辉长岩的LAICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为354.8Ma±2.4Ma,属于早石炭世。最终研究表明,龙木错—双湖板块缝合带所代表的古大洋至少在早石炭世就已经存在俯冲。石炭纪变质堆晶辉长岩的发现对研究缝合带构造演化历史具有非常重要的意义,也为探讨羌塘地区的大地构造演化提供了基础资料。     

青海拉脊山东段峡门蛇绿混杂岩带的物质确定及其构造意义

在拉脊山东段青海省民和县峡门镇以南地区新识别出一条蛇绿混杂岩带, 其物质组成复杂, 构造岩块主要由蛇绿岩岩块、外来岩块、火山岩岩块以及变沉积岩岩块组成. 基性火山熔岩和辉绿岩具轻稀土富集的"右倾"配分模式, 大离子亲石元素Ba、Th、Sr相对富集, 高场强元素P、Ti、Nb相对亏损, 总体岩石地球化学特征与岛弧拉斑玄武岩类似. 岩石学、岩石地球化学、同位素年代学特征及区域资料综合研究认为, 峡门蛇绿岩属与俯冲有关的SSZ型蛇绿岩, 很可能是早古生代原特提斯洋俯冲消减的弧后小洋盆, 属于弧后盆地扩张型蛇绿岩.     

Petrogenesis of kyanite‐ and corundum‐bearing mafic granulite in a meta‐ophiolite,SE Turkey

Although ophiolitic rocks are abundant in Anatolia (Turkey), only in rare cases have they experienced high‐grade metamorphism. Even more uncommon, in Anatolia and elsewhere are high‐grade meta‐ophiolites that retain an oceanic lithosphere stratigraphy from upper crustal mafic volcanic rocks through lower crustal gabbro to mantle peridotite. The Berit meta‐ophiolite of SE Turkey exhibits both features: from structurally higher to lower levels, it consists of garnet amphibolite (metabasalt), granulite facies metagabbro (as lenses in amphibolite inferred to be retrogressed granulite) and metaperidotite (locally with metapyroxenite layers). Whole‐rock major and trace‐element data indicate a tholeiitic protolith that formed in a suprasubduction setting. This paper presents new results for the metamorphic P–T conditions and path of oceanic lower crustal rocks in the Berit meta‐ophiolite, and an evaluation of the tectonic processes that may drive granulite facies metamorphism of ophiolite gabbro. In the Do?an?ehir (Malatya, Turkey) region, granulite facies gabbroic rocks contain garnet (Grt)+clinopyroxene (Cpx)+plagioclase (Pl)+corundum (Crn)±orthopyroxene (Opx)±kyanite (Ky)±sapphirine (Spr)±rutile. Some exhibit symplectites consisting of Crn+Cpx, Ky+Cpx and/or coronas of garnet (outer shell) around a polygonal aggregate of clinopyroxene that in some cases surrounds a polygonal aggregate of orthopyroxene. Coronitic and non‐coronitic textures occur in proximity in mm‐ to cm‐scale layers; corona structures typically occur in plagioclase‐rich layers. Their formation is therefore related primarily to protolith type (troctolite v. gabbro) rather than P–T path. Phase diagrams calculated for a kyanite‐rich granulite, a plagioclase‐rich non‐coronitic granulite, and a plagioclase‐rich coronitic granulite (taking into account changes in effective bulk composition during texture development) predict peak conditions of ~800°C, 1.1–1.5 GPa; these conditions do not require invoking an unusually high geothermal gradient. In the coronitic metagabbro, reaction textures formed along the prograde path: Crn–Cpx symplectites grew at the expense of garnet, sapphirine and plagioclase. Peak conditions were followed by isobaric cooling of ~150°C. Hornblende–plagioclase thermometry results for host amphibolite (Hbl+Pl±Crn±Grt±relict Cpx) indicate retrograde conditions of 620–675°C and 0.5–0.8 GPa accompanied by infiltration of H₂O‐rich fluid. This anticlockwise P–T path differs from an isothermal decompression path previously proposed for these rocks based on the presence of symplectite. Metamorphism of the ophiolitic rocks was driven by closing of the southern Neotethys Ocean, as oceanic lithosphere was obducted (most SE Anatolian ophiolites) or underthrust (Berit meta‐ophiolite). This was followed by subduction of a continental margin, driving cooling of the Berit granulite after the thermal peak at depths of ~40 km.     

金沙江缝合带西段蛇绿岩与弧火山岩成对性关系——来自地球化学和LA- ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄证据

对金沙江缝合带西段青海治多地区的多彩蛇绿混杂岩和当江荣中酸性岛弧火山岩进行了研究,野外地质剖面显示,蛇绿岩主要由辉长岩、堆晶辉长岩和玄武岩组成,缺少地幔橄榄岩单元。通过对蛇绿岩内部细粒辉长岩、基性熔岩的地球化学测试及堆晶辉长岩的LA- ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年发现,基性熔岩可分为2种类型,即洋岛玄武岩OIB型和MORB-IAT型。前者并非蛇绿岩组分,为构造就位时带入;后者为过渡类型,具有典型洋中脊—岛弧蛇绿岩地球化学特征。辉长岩具有明显的TNT槽等岛弧信号,与类型二均属于蛇绿岩成分。测得的堆晶辉长岩中锆石U-Pb年龄为252.50Ma±0.58Ma（MSWD=0.95）,是蛇绿岩的形成年龄。研究认为,多彩蛇绿岩与当江荣火山岩具有成对性关系,结合造山带沟—弧—盆体系构造格局,认为前者形成于岛弧偏海沟的弧前构造背景,是晚二叠世金沙江洋持续俯冲的产物。     

蛇绿岩研究的进展

近几年蛇绿岩的研究已取得显著的进展，主要反映在下述几个方面：１．对于蛇绿岩的概念已有了新的认识，蛇绿岩代表古代的大洋岩石圈碎片，但并非正常的大洋岩石圈；２．关于蛇绿岩的多样性已经提出了许多不同的见解，最近有关特提斯与环太平洋蛇绿岩的对比研究使许多作者得出结论，它们具有不同的特征；３．蛇绿岩源区的研究表明，蛇绿岩并非唯一地来自亏损的软流圈地幔，不同地幔端元之间的混合以及来自陆壳物质的混染作用也是常见的现象；４．早元古代蛇绿岩的发现。预期９０年代，在蛇绿岩的多样性、地幔岩部分熔融、岩浆来源、蛇绿岩的侵位机制以及蛇绿岩与高压变质作用等方面将取得长足的进展．     

西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床深部找矿突破与成因模式讨论

中国铬铁矿资源的瓶颈状态已持续多年。最近,在西藏罗布莎蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩的深部勘探发现200万t致密块状铬铁矿床,这是中国近50年来铬铁矿找矿的重大突破,对今后继续寻找同类型的铬铁矿床具有重要指导意义。蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中产出的豆荚状铬铁矿床是工业需求铬的重要来源。研究豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用和矿体围岩地幔橄榄岩地质特征,建立铬铁矿的成矿模型和找矿标志,是开展寻找同类型矿床的重要保证。随着近些年在豆荚状铬铁矿及围岩地幔橄榄岩中金刚石等深部矿物的不断发现和深入研究,人们对蛇绿岩型铬铁矿的物质来源和形成过程,有了新的认识,提出了铬铁矿的深部成因模式。研究认为深部成因铬铁矿床主要经历了4个阶段:(1)早期俯冲到地幔过渡带(410~660 km)的陆壳和洋壳物质被脱水和肢解,过渡带产生的热和流体促成了地幔的熔融和Cr的释放和汇聚;(2)铬铁矿浆在地幔柱驱动下,运移到过渡带顶部冷凝固结,并有强还原的流体进入,后者携带了深部形成的金刚石、斯石英等高压矿物,进入"塑性—半塑性地幔橄榄岩"中;(3)随着物质向上移动,深度降低,早期超高压相矿物发生相变,如斯石英转变成柯石英,高压相的铬铁矿中出溶成柯石英和单斜辉石;(4)在侵位过程和俯冲带环境下,含水熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应形成了不含超高压矿物的规模相对较小的浸染状铬铁矿及纯橄岩岩壳。进一步研究表明,同处雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段的几个大型地幔橄榄岩岩体与罗布莎岩体可以对比,经历了相同的构造背景和豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用,存在较大的找矿空间。     

新疆达拉布特超镁铁岩成因——来自铬尖晶石的证据

通过研究西准噶尔达拉布特蛇绿混杂岩中方辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩的岩石学特征,分析方辉橄榄岩广泛发育的铬尖晶石和斜方辉石构成的蠕虫状共生连晶结构的成因,得出结论认为:这种共生连晶结构不是前人所认为的文象结构或者石榴石的后成合晶,而是原始地幔岩熔融形成富铬岩浆的演化产物。这种富铬岩浆高度分异形成铬铁矿块体(即萨尔托海铬铁矿矿床)后,熔体进入地幔岩中结晶形成铬尖晶石和斜方辉石的蠕虫状共生连晶结构。因此,铬尖晶石与辉石的共生连晶结构可以作为豆荚状铬铁矿的重要找矿标志。方辉橄榄岩中的斜方辉石发育铬尖晶石出溶结构,出溶棒的成分特点表明,该结构是达拉布特蛇绿岩在快速就位过程中环境氧逸度突然升高诱发变质反应的结果。     

东秦岭二郎坪群蛇绿岩中的火山成因硫化物矿床

东秦岭二郎坪群蛇绿岩中广泛发育火山成因块状硫化物矿床。火山演化从早期到中晚期分别形成铁矿层、火山成因块状硫化物矿床和黄铁矿化层。矿床具有层控性及距火山喷发中心带距离不同而控制的分带性规律,还有厚层基性熔岩形成铁矿、酸性火山岩赋存铜—锌型或铅—锌—铜型矿的岩性成矿专属性。矿床中伴有不同规模的金银矿化。