Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements in Romania Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique

The first systematic study in Romania of atmospheric pollution from heavy metals and other toxic elements based on moss analysis was undertaken as a Romanian–Russian–Norwegian collaboration, primarily in order to assess the general state of heavy metal pollution in Romania. An additional goal was to contribute to the European heavy metals in mosses survey, conducted under the auspices UNECE ICP Vegetation which reports to the Working Group of Effects of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention. Samples of the moss species Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens and Brachytechium salebrosum and B. rutabulum were collected during the period 1995–2001. A total of 40 elements were determined using NAA and AAS. The total concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium and zinc are presented in the form of contour maps. Generally, the observed concentrations in Romania are markedly higher than those observed in most other countries of Europe using the moss technique.     

Heterogeneous Chemistry of Nitryl Halides in Relation to Tropospheric Halogen Activation

The heterogeneous chemistry of nitryl chloride and nitryl bromide by salt containing solutions was studied as a function of temperature in the range from 275 to 293 K with the wetted-wall flowtube combined with FTIR and mass spectrometry detection. Uptake coefficients and values of the product Hk^1/2 on these saline solutions have been determined. For nitryl halides interacting with NaI and NaBr solutions, the values of the product Hk^1/2 are respectively 4384.7±326.7 and 103.1±18.7 M atm^-1 s^-1/2 for nitryl chloride at 275 K and 544.2±94.7 and 47.7±15.2 M atm^-1 s^-1/2 for nitryl bromide at 278 K. When reacting with NaI or NaBr solutions, these heterogeneous reactions release, as major products, the molecular forms of the halogen i.e., respectively I₂ and Br₂. A simplified reaction scheme explaining the formation of these products is presented and is inserted into a model simulating the chemistry in the marine boundary layer. The modelling effort showed Cl and BrO atoms concentrations up to 5×10⁴ and 1.8×10⁶ molecules cm^-3 respectively, which are comparable to values actually measured in field campaigns.     

煤岩显微组分的活化能研究

热解反应中活化能（E）与生烃率的关系是煤（干酪根）结构组成的反映，这就如同指纹一样，在成熟度相同的条件下，不同的显微组分其动力特征不同。煤及显微组分化学结构的确定目前地球化学研究领域中的一个难点。利用岩石热解（Rock-Eval）、热解气相色谱（PY－GC）以及开放体系下热模拟方法，对树皮体、镜质体和丝质体不同生烃率所对应的活化能进行测定和计算，在此基础上对上述组分的化学结构进行探讨。结果显示，三种组分的生烃率－活化能关系图以及由此所反映的化学结构明显不同：树皮体热解生烃主要集中在低活化能区，其化学结构相对较为单一，主要由脂族结构组成，芳香结构及杂原子官能团相对较少；镜质体的生烃活化能稍高，其结构比树皮体要复杂些，以烷基苯和甲氧基苯为主；丝质体生烃主要集中在高活化能区，化学结构更为复杂些，除以烷基及甲氧基苯为主外，还含有一定数量的杂原子官能团以及短链脂肪烃。另外，上述三种组分的平均活化能明显不同，其中树皮体的最低，丝质体的最高，镜质体的介于两者中间。因此，生油门限也存在很大差别，在相同的热演经条件下，三者的生烃顺序依次为树皮体→镜质体→丝质体。     

板块边界构造应力场的反演及其对华北地震的影响研究

利用全球震源机制解资料,采用力轴张量计算法,反演中国大陆附近板块边界线上的构造应力场空间分布,其最大主压应力轴的方位角与GPS研究得到的板块运动方向一致,太平洋板块西边界和菲律宾板块琉球岛弧段的最大主压应力轴的倾角与板块俯冲倾角基本相当,因此认为该方法反演的构造应力场真实可靠。1999年、2005年和2011年太平洋板块日本本州段的最大主压应力轴方位角存在转折现象,震例总结显示该转折现象往往对应华北地区5级以上,甚至6级左右地震,但2011年的转折变化对应华北地震的震级在5级左右。根据对太平洋板块西边界的分段研究,认为2011年的转折变化主要是由42°~50°N段的构造应力场转折引起的,而该段从地理位置结合俯冲方向来看,影响的主要地区是东北地区,而对华北的影响相对较小,因此导致对应地震的震级偏低。1992—2000年菲律宾板块琉球岛弧段的最大主压应力轴方位角存在大幅度、长时间的逆时针偏转现象,分析认为是造成同期华北南部地区发生多次具有典型华南应力场特征地震的原因。     

活化构造与克拉通破坏的动力学机制研究

热能聚散交替、地幔蠕动是构造–岩浆活化理论创建初期提出的动力学机制假说。深部地质研究开拓了岩浆活化构造动力学研究的深度。许多地球化学家和地球物理学家对中国中新生代构造演化的研究,给热能聚散交替、地幔蠕动假说提供了科学证据。近20年来对华北克拉通破坏的动力机制研究,促进了构造–岩浆活化动力学机制研究的深入。构造–岩浆活化的动力学过程如同克拉通破坏一样,是一个复杂的地质过程:从稳定的地台区到地台活化区,其动力体制的转化既具有渐变到突变的特点,又是呈阶段性发展的;既有时间上的阶段性又有空间上的迁移性。在由地台阶段向地台活化阶段转化的过程中,上地幔化学结构由亏损状态向富集状态转化,地幔交代作用是导致地台活化的先驱事件。中国东部大陆岩石圈减薄的事实证明,控制岩石圈破坏过程中物质交换与能量转换的关键部位发生在壳幔过渡带。通过大陆岩石圈中孔隙波的产生和传播,地幔物质和热量通过壳–幔过渡带传输到地壳中去,导致东部大陆地壳的构造–岩浆活化。由于孔隙波造成物质和热流的向上运动,导致大陆岩石圈热结构发生调整。为了探讨这一机制所导致的上涌流对大陆岩石圈中热结构模式的可能影响,在岩石圈尺度范围内通过数学运算推导出了与上涌流有关的传热问题的理论解。由理论和数值分析获得不同上涌流条件下的大陆岩石圈不同热结构模式与依据地球物理、地质资料获得的大陆岩石圈热结构模式十分吻合。大陆岩石圈内传质传热模型与热能聚集、地幔蠕动是一致的。华北克拉通破坏(地台活化)的数值模拟实验与地质事实证明这是一种主动活化,反映了地幔传导热流与上涌流速率在华北克拉通岩石圈破坏过程中起着的重要作用,而华北克拉通边缘的板块活动是克拉通破坏的导火线。     

滇西金满脉状铜矿床的40Ar-39Ar快中子活化年龄

金满铜矿床是滇西兰坪——思茅盆地中-新生代砂页岩中相当典型的脉状矿床。关于该矿床的成矿时代,多年来一直沿用铅同位素模式年龄,缺乏更为可靠的同位素年龄数据,因而对该矿床乃至盆地内同类矿床成矿作用的认识带来了很大困难。为探讨该矿床的形成时代,作者选取含铜石英脉状矿石中的石英进行⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar快中子活化年龄分析。     

A Three—Stage Metallogenic Model for Gold Deposits in Metamorphosed Microclastic Rocks

Gld deposits occurring in metamorphosed microcelastic rocks are distributed extensively at home and abroad.Some deposits of this type are of superlarge tonnage.The formation of gold deposits in metamorphosed microclastic rocks involves three stages:the sedimentary stage,the regionally metamorphic stage,and the ore-forming stage.At the first stage,microclastic sedimentary source rocks were developed in a relatively semi-enclosed reducing sea basin and were enriched in carbon,sulfur and gold.At the second stage,the gold adsorbed on organic matter and clay minerals was relesed and poorly concentrated during the destruction of organic matter and the depletion of clay minerals by regional metamorphism with increase temperature and pressure.At the third stage,a tectono-hydrothermal event took place.As a result,gold was leached from metamorphosed microclastic rocks,transported to ore depositional locus and/or mixed with gold of other sources in the course of migration,and finally precipitared as ores.Gold deposits of this type were eventually formed at the third stage,and they also can be classified as the orogenic belt type and the activation zone type.The gold deposits occurring in metamorphosed microcalastic rocks are the products of reworking processes and the influence of magmatism should be taken into consideration in some cases.     

Linear relationship between thermo-dehydroxylation and induced-strain by mechanical processing in vacuum: The case of industrial kaolinite, talc and montmorillonite

The thermal behaviour and the structural properties of three important industrial phyllosilicates, such as kaolinite, talc and Ca-rich montmorillonite, have been examined after mechanical treatment in a specifically built planetary ball mill working in vacuum (P = 0.13 Pa) at room temperature (25 °C). It is found that, on increasing the grinding time, the temperature of the dehydroxylation reaction decreases linearly as a result of a decrease of the crystallite size and structural order. To be noted that the mechanical treatment in our milling conditions did not induce significant amorphization. The temperature at which there is the maximum of dehydroxylation and the weight losses of the intralayer OH are linearly related to the increase of the FWHM of the 001 basal plane. These results are useful for predicting the thermal behaviour of layer silicates to be subjected to mechanical processing in industrial application.     

Kinetics of the leaching of mechanically activated berthierite,boulangerite and franckeite

In this study, changes in surface area, morphology and leachability of antimony from mechanically activated berthierite—FeSb₂S₄, boulangerite—Pb₅Sb₄S₁₁ and franckeite—FePb₅Sn₃Sb₂S₁₄ by a high-energy planetary mill were investigated. It appears that a selective extraction of antimony from these complex sulphosalts in alkaline solution of sodium sulphide is positively affected by mechanical activation. The influence of milling on mineral particle size and shape was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The temperature dependencies of berthierite alkaline leaching were investigated in an interval of 323–363 K. Resulting experimental activation energies E _a were 0.11 and 6.78 kJ mol⁻¹ for mechanically activated berthierite due to a break of Arrhenius plot. The values E _a are characteristic for a process controlled by diffusion as the rate-controlling step of leaching reaction.     

Assessment of rock geomechanical quality by quantitative rock fabric coefficients: Limitations and possible source of misinterpretations

Rock microfabrics were quantified by image measurement system (petrographic image analysis) of thin sections. Along with common measured parameters (grain area and size, length of major and minor axes and their orientation), some quantitative parameters (aspect ratio, grain boundary smoothness) and fabric coefficients (micropetrographic quality index (K), “texture” coefficient (TC), indexes of interlocking (t) and grain size homogeneity (g)) were determined. The reliability of these parameters for the evaluation of geomechanical properties was tested on the set of granitic rocks showing pronounced variability in rock mechanical properties. None of the tested rock fabric coefficients or parameters proved a close correlation to rock mechanical properties except grain size. Based on experimental findings, the grain size is, along with porosity, the controlling factor of rock mechanical properties of genetically and mineralogically similar rocks. Obliteration of the real effects of rock fabric parameters on the mechanical properties of rocks by application of complex fabric coefficients disables their practical use in petrography applied to geomechanics.