Experimental research on the mechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediments during hydrate dissociation

This paper describes studies of the effect of hydrate dissociation on the safety and stability of methane hydrate-bearing sediments. Methane hydrates within the sediments were dissociating under the conditions of a confining pressure of 0.5 MPa, 1 MPa, 2 MPa and a temperature of −5 °C. After 6 h, 24 h, or 48 h, a series of triaxial compression tests on methane hydrate-bearing sediments were performed. The tests of ice-clay and sediments without hydrate dissociation were performed for comparison. Focusing on the mechanical properties of the sediments, the experimental results indicated that the shear strength of the ice-clay mixtures was lower than that of the methane hydrate-bearing sediments. The strength of the sediments was reduced by hydrate dissociation, and the strength tended to decrease further at the lower confining pressures. The secant modulus E_S of the sediments dropped by 42.6% in the case of the dissociation time of the hydrate of 48 h at the confining pressure of 1 MPa; however, the decline of the initial yield modulus E₀ was only 9.34%. The slower hydrate dissociation rate contributed to reducing the failure strength at a declining pace. Based on the Mohr–Coulomb strength theory, it was concluded that the decrease in strength was mainly affected by the cohesive reduction. Moreover, the mathematical expression of the M–C criterion related to the hydrate dissociation time was proposed. This research could be valuable for the safety and stability of hydrate deposits in a permafrost region.     

低温常压条件下NaCl-H_2O体系对铜活化迁移的影响因素Ⅱ:pH值和盐度

文章采用动态模拟实验研究了卤水NaCl-H2O体系不同盐度、酸碱度对砂岩中铜元素的活化迁移作用。结果表明,在常压室温环境下,卤水盐度越高,越有利于含铜砂岩中铜的活化迁移,不同盐度卤水对铜的活化强度表现为w(NaCl)为25%的溶液w(NaCl)为20%的溶液w(NaCl)为10%的溶液w(NaCl)为5%的溶液。酸碱度条件模拟实验,揭示了强酸(pH=0.71)或者强碱(pH=10.28)环境有利于铜的活化迁移,尤其是在强酸(pH=0.71)条件下,可极大增强铜的溶解性,这对于解释蒸发岩盆地含铜卤水的成矿过程具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

剪切速率对结构性吹填软土力学特性影响试验研究

黏土在剪切变形过程中,剪切速率的不同会对其结构破坏产生不同影响,从而影响其力学特性.本文以天津滨海新区吹填软土为研究对象,在对吹填软土关于结构性讨论的基础上,开展了剪切速率对其力学性状影响的三轴试验研究,分析其剪切速率力学效应.试验结果表明:随着剪切速率的提高,在低围压条件下,吹填软土的强度及其结构屈服应力均先减小后增大,存在临界剪切速率,而在高围压条件下,强度及其结构屈服应力则逐渐增大,与剪切速率呈正相关关系,临界剪切速率逐渐消失; 吹填软土的黏聚力在不同围压下随剪切速率提高均呈现减小趋势,内摩擦角在低围压条件下随剪切速率提高呈现增大趋势,在高围压条件下则随剪切速率提高呈现减小趋势; 在剪切过程中,孔隙水压力均随着轴向应变的增大到某一值然后稳定下来,随着围压的进一步加大,孔隙水压力的稳定值会随剪切速率的提高呈减小趋势.     

地震滑坡危险性概念和基于力学模型的评估方法探讨

在我国大陆地区运用基于力学模型的Newmark位移分析方法开展地震滑坡危险性定量评估,尚处在起步阶段.为了进一步明确地震滑坡危险性概念和改进推广基于力学模型的评估方法,首先阐明了狭义的地震滑坡危险性预测评估与震后反演评估的关系; 同时为了应对地震应急、震后重建及潜在地震条件下的不同评估需求,初步提出了广义的地震滑坡危险性评估框架.随后申述了基于Newmark位移分析的地震滑坡危险性评估方法的理论基础、方法分类及最新进展,并以汶川地震滑坡危险性快速评估为例,剖析了目前影响评估有效性的不确定性及空间数据质量等问题,指出了基于力学模型的地震滑坡危险性评估方法的改进方向.建议开展潜在地震及其诱发滑坡危险性的耦合评估,建立适用于我国大陆地区地震滑坡位移分析的经验模型,以便为国家层面的地震滑坡危险性区划服务.     

不同条件延缓未受精卵激活对鱼类细胞电融合的影响

泥鳅未受精卵先在合成卵巢液、郝氏液中分别浸泡15、20、30min,然后再受精孵化,统计发育情况,结果表明,合成卵巢液可有效延缓未受精卵遇水后被激活的时间,郝氏液对延缓未受精卵被激活也有一定作用,但效果比合成卵巢液差。用合成卵巢液配制不同浓度胰酶处理受体卵进行细胞电融合实验,胰酶质量浓度为5 mg/mL时,融合卵发育至囊胚期的比例比对照组(郝氏液)高2%,统计分析表明该差异是显著的(P<0.05);但发育至原肠期及孵出期的比例则与对照组无显著差异。胰酶质量浓度为2和1 mg/mL时,融合卵发育到各阶段的比例均低于对照组,统计分析表明两者的差异是显著的(P<0.05)。研究表明,溶液种类、胰酶浓度等对电融合卵的发育有明显的影响,但延缓受体卵的激活时间并不能提高电融合卵的出苗率。用郝氏液配制的2 mg/mL的胰酶溶液处理受体卵,可获得较高比例的融合鱼。     

任一力学量■的矩阵元Fmn的微扰近似计算

本文以能量和波函数的各级微扰近似的基态展开式为基础,推导出任一力学量的矩阵元F_(mn)的各级微扰近似表示式。并且指出只要构成能量展式的级数收敛很快,满足能够应用微扰的条件,那么对于任一力学量F的微扰计算,只要计算矩阵元F_(mn)的前二级近似就已足够精确。     

1993年5月日面AR7500中暗条的动力学特征

本文利用光球磁场、色球Hα单色像和Hβ速度场等观测资料，分析了1993年5月日面AR7500中3个暗条的演化和动力学行为，得出4个结论(1)3个暗条中两个是右旋暗条，一个是左旋暗条。(2)暗条附近两侧的色球纤维和光球横场几乎平行于暗条长轴，暗条端点处的黑子没有呈现明显的涡旋结构。(3)尖角处因为轴向场取向不同，一直没有发生暗条合并，即使其中一个右旋暗条消失后又重新形成也如此。(4)几天持续存在的左旋暗条，在两天的观测中未出现扰动激活，其中部为杂乱而不明显的运动图案。本文还讨论了可以用暗条的扭曲磁流绳模型来解释暗条的这些动力学行为，以及一些尚待进一步澄清的问题。     

基于模糊综合评判的机械零件材料选择方法

针对在选择机械零件材料时采用传统方法所具有的主观性缺陷,本文结合设计实例,运用模糊数学理论,建立了零件材料选择的模糊综合评判的数学模型,能从多种可用材料中较客观、合理地确定出最适用的一种材料,从而提高了设计质量.     

Assessment of Workers’ Contamination Caused by Air Pollution Exposure in Industry Using Biomonitors

The workers health service is guided to look for risks. There is not an evaluation of the onset of the disease linked to a long-term exposure to low levels of toxic agents. Besides, there are few records of the level of metal concentration in the environmental air in industry, as well as few records of the level of contamination of factory workers. To assess the level of pollution in workplace, galvanising industry was chosen as the object of this study. The worker exposure and contamination levels were assessed by means of airborne particulate matter collected in air filters and biomonitors. The analysis of the air filter, hair and toenail samples were carried out by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, and urine samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The statistical multivariate analysis and ANOVA methods were applied to elemental concentration. Copper and iron elements were highlighted as the main contributors on the differentiation of the classes. The results point out the effectiveness of biomonitors in occupational studies.     

天津武清地区云凝结核变化特征

利用2009年11—12月在天津武清气象局测量的云凝结核(CCN:Cloud Condensation Nuclei)浓度资料以及气溶胶数谱分布的观测资料,分析了武清地区在不同过饱和度(0.1%～1.0%)下云凝结核浓度及活化率的变化特征。结果表明:武清地区冬季CCN数浓度变化范围很大,过饱和度1%时,浓度变化范围为4000～32000cm-3,且浓度受风速影响明显,风速2级以下CCN数浓度很高,过饱和度1%时,其平均浓度可达16000cm-3,但对于4级风速以上CCN平均浓度为4000cm-3左右;在过饱和度0.1%～0.4%间CCN浓度变化较大,过饱和度每增加0.1%,CCN浓度增加值平均约为过饱和度0.4%～1.0%间浓度增量的5倍。低过饱和度(0.1%、0.2%)下,活化率受风速影响明显,1级风速下的CCN活化率约为4级风速下的3倍,但在过饱和度1%时活化率则相差不大。CCN浓度的日变化呈双峰型,峰值时刻为北京时间08:00和18:00左右,活化率的日变化则呈双谷型,这主要是受局地排放影响的结果。利用指数函数拟合各风速下CCN浓度过饱和度谱,表明该地谱型为典型的大陆型。