Hydro-climatic analysis of mechanical breakups reconstructed from tree-rings, Necopastic watershed, northern Québec, Canada

We used a 54-year (1950–2003) ice scar chronology constructed from damaged trees to investigate relationships between large scale hydro-climatic conditions and mechanical breakup magnitude in the Necopastic River watershed (James Bay, northern Québec). Our objectives were: (1) to identify hydrologic and climatic variables that explain variations in mechanical breakup magnitude at the watershed scale, (2) to organize these variables in terms of importance and (3) to construct a predictive model for ice-floods in the Necopastic watershed. We used parametric correlation analysis to measure the degree of linear association between variables and classification trees (CT) coupled with a cross-validation approach to construct the predictive model and to organize variables according to their importance. In the Necopastic watershed, the type and magnitude of breakups are determined by an interaction between forces that maintain the ice cover in place and forces that tend to dislodge it. In contrast with lakes, early and rapidly rising floods, rather than abnormally high flood discharge, create conditions that favour intense mechanical breakups. Moreover, cold and snowy spring conditions during high positive Arctic Oscillation (AO) indices delay the thermal degradation of the ice cover and preserve its mechanical properties over longer time periods.     

西甘池隧洞围岩参数反演与支护优化

取西甘池隧洞HD12+570-HD12+770段建立FLAC3D模型,模拟隧洞分段开挖及支护,将围岩参数E、μ、C、φ进行正交设计并代入模型,计算洞顶沉降量与两壁水平收敛值,与所选断面实际监测数据对比,得出与实际变形最为接近的围岩参数组合,在后续断面变形监测值中进行验证,计算误差满足精度要求,表明反演所得Ⅲ类围岩参数E=0.77×10~4MPa、μ=0.29、C=1.3MPa、φ=39°和Ⅳ类围岩的力学参数E=0.26×10~4MPa、μ=0.33、C=0.5MPa、φ=35°是可靠的。在此基础上,以锚杆排距为研究对象,对Ⅳ类围岩锚喷支护进行优化。结果表明,原锚杆支护设计方案偏于保守,锚杆排距可适当加大。     

Microstructures and properties of TC4 ELI alloy with horizontal EBW for submersible manned cabin

The welding was one of the technologies to manufacture manned cabin, which was a significant part of the submersible. To improve the procedure, horizontal EBW was employed on TC4 ELI alloy with 60 mm thickness, and the microstructures and properties of the joints were investigated. The crystals and microstructures of the welds were homogeneous from the top to bottom, and the microhardness of the weld was equivalent, which was harder than that of the base metal. The tensile properties of the joints were homogeneous along the penetration. The tensile strength and yield strength of the joints were higher than those of the base metal, and the percentage elongation after fracture was 80% of the base metal, which indicated the strength mis-match as overmatching. The impact toughnesses of the welds were equivalent along the penetration, which reached 80% of the base metal. The joint specimens were bended to 180° with no cracks. The investigation verified the excellent procedure and properties of horizontal EBW, which would make China become one of the countries with the capacity of manufacturing submersible cabin.     

覆岩中断层活化突水的力学分析及其应用

据资料统计,国内煤矿的突水淹井事故80%以上是由断层引起的,大多数是原始地质条件下的非导水断层在采动影响下活化发生突水。出于安全生产和保水采煤的需要,对采场覆岩中断层因工作面的推进而活化突水进行力学分析,研究防止断层活化突水和保水采煤的开采方法。由摩尔-库仑破坏准则得出断层的活化准则,推导出断层活化的临界倾角、断层活化时的临界开采深度和间隔式开采断层活化时工作面临界推进距离。结果表明,断层的破坏形式与断层倾角有很大关系,随着断层倾角的增大,断层的破坏形式依次表现为,随着工作面的推进断层和覆岩一同破坏、剪切破坏和拉破坏。断层倾角越大,越容易活化。以大柳塔煤矿保水采煤为例,应用研究成果计算了间隔式开采工作面的临界推进距离,并且以相似模拟试验验证了计算结果。     

深部开采隐伏构造扩展活化及突水试验研究

深部开采突水具有突发性、滞后性和强致灾性等特点,研究突水通道成因、演变规律和致灾机制成为控制深部开采底板突水的关键。大量的防治水实践和理论证实,构造突水通道一般发生在构造与岩层接触面处,为此建立隐伏构造条块体突水判据模型,应用剪切破坏理论方法得到突水理论判据;借助深部承压水上底板断层扩展活化及导水通道演化物理模拟试验,研制了固-流耦合相似材料,选取模拟断层破坏活化的材料并进行了模拟材料的可行性分析;试验直观地展现了含隐伏断层底板在采动应力扰动和高承压水共同作用下底板裂隙形成、隐伏断层扩展、突水通道贯通的全过程。通过对试验监测数据和现象的解读,揭示了应力场-渗流场耦合作用下承压水体上采煤底板滞后突水的机制,并对突水路径形成的时空规律进行了分析探讨,为研究深部开采构造突水提供了新的方法和认识。     

采动影响下巷道围岩变形与破坏的弱结构面效应

岩体中弱结构面的产状要素和力学参数是影响深部巷道围岩变形和破坏的重要因素。通过对金川矿区地下开采过程中发生的与弱结构面效应有关的巷道变形特征、破坏模式与机理分析得出,在断层附近或穿过断层开挖时,往往会引起断层活化,引发巷道变形和破坏。当在节理岩体中开挖时会使围岩中低强度的节理裂隙等弱结构面正应力减小,抗剪强度降低,从而发生相对滑移、变形。此外,与巷道开挖相比,矿体开采的影响不仅在持续时间上,还是在影响以及程度上都是造成巷道变形和破坏的弱结构面效应更加显著的主要原因。     

环境因子变化对泥蚶精子活力的影响

研究了pH、盐度及温度对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)精子的激活及运动情况的影响。结果表明,泥蚶精子激活及运动的较适宜环境条件为:pH 7~9.5、盐度15~35、水温25~35℃;最适环境条件为:pH 8.5、盐度25、水温30℃。分析表明,泥蚶精子激活与运动的适宜环境条件与泥蚶的生态栖息环境、繁殖条件相统一。     

米箭沟尾矿坝料动力特性试验研究

本文对米箭沟尾矿坝料的组成、结构特征和物理力学性质进行分析,运用振动三轴试验确定尾矿坝料的动力特性参数,分析研究动力特性指标模型,得出动应力、动模量、阻尼比、动剪切摸量随动应变的变化规律,以及动应力与破坏振次,孔压比与振次比的变化规律,并提出符合试验结果的孔压模型,对该尾矿坝的地震动力分析及抗震稳定性评价提供一定科学依据和技术指导。