Derivation and application of new equations for radiation stress and volume flux

In this paper, new expressions of radiation stress and volume flux for long waves have been analytically derived by inclusion of higher-order surface elevations up to the sixth-order. To quantify these expressions, surface elevations along a beach are first simulated using the fully nonlinear Boussinesq-type model COULWAVE. Then, based on the large amount of numerical data, new equations for radiation stress and volume flux are statistically formulated. The research unveils the essential roles of the Ursell parameter, Irribarren number and wave steepness described by the local wave height, wave length and bottom slope. The study shows the importance of nonlinear wave properties in wave-induced currents and mean water levels (set-up/down). The higher-order formulations produce lower values for radiation stress and volume flux than calculated from the lower-order and linear waves. Case studies suggest that the new formulations produce an accurate estimation for mean water level. However, improvement on the computed current profiles is marginal for some cases. This implies that the accurate prediction of the current profile would require more than just the proposed improvement of the radiation stress and volume flux.     

A Bayesian approach to the detection of gross errors based on posterior probability

Existing methods for gross error detection, based on the mean shift model or the variance inflation model, have hardly considered or taken advantage of the potential prior information on the unknown parameters. This paper puts forward a Bayesian approach for gross error detection when prior information on the unknown parameters is available. Firstly, based on the basic principle of Bayesian statistical inference, the Bayesian method—posterior probability method—for the detection of gross errors is established. Secondly, considering either non-informative priors or normal-gamma priors on the unknown parameters, the computational formula of the posterior probability is given for both the mean shift model and the variance inflation model, respectively, under the condition of unequal weight and independent observations. Finally, as an example, a triangulation network is computed and analyzed, which shows that the method given here is feasible.     

1998年长江流域特大洪水的降水分析

利用长江流域 (102°E以东) 125个站的实测降水资料, 分析了1998年夏季长江流域降水的时空分布和气候统计特征, 并与历史同期进行了比较, 特别是和1931、1954年等特大洪水年份进行了较全面的对比.结果表明, 1998年夏季长江流域的强降水主要分为4个时段; 总降水量的分布成不对称的鞍型场; 上、中、下游地区异常频繁的、特别集中的强降水是造成长江持续高水位和特大洪涝灾害的最主要原因.     

基于均生函数的数学预测模型在地震中期预报中的应用

利用均生函数数学建模方法拟合地震的震级或能量序列,进行地震中期趋势预测。由于引入了“双评分准则”,即在拟俣时考虑了数量预报和趋势预报的平衡问题,选取合适的调整系数,从而提高了地震中期趋势预测的准确率。另外采用了分级拟合的思路,利用残差序列逐级提高拟合的精度和速度。利用该方法对中国大陆地区未来１～３年的地震活动趋势进行了预测。     

TOPEX Constrained Solution of Mean Sea Surface by Joint Processing of TOPEX, ERS-1 and GEOSAT Altimetric Measurements

We present an improved crossover adjustment procedure to determine mean sea surface height using TOPEX, 35-day repeat phase ERS-1, Geosat, and 168-day repeat phase ERS-1 satellite altimeter data. The mean sea surface frame defined by the TOPEX data is imposed as certain constraints in our crossover adjustment procedure rather than held fixed as in some other procedures. The new procedure is discussed in detail. Equations are developed to incorporate the a priori information of Topex data as well as other satellite altimeter data. The numerical computation result shows that the rms crossover discrepancies are reduced by an order of 1 cm when the Topex data is not fixed. Furthermore, the computed mean sea surface is less noisy and more realistic than that computed by the traditional procedure.     

Semi-automated stand delineation in Mediterranean Pinus sylvestris plantations through segmentation of LiDAR data: The influence of pulse density

Traditionally, forest-stand delineation has been assessed based on orthophotography. The application of LiDAR has improved forest management by providing high-spatial-resolution data on the vertical structure of the forest. The aim of this study was to develop and test a semi-automated algorithm for stands delineation in a plantation of Pinus sylvestris L. using LiDAR data. Three specific objectives were evaluated, i) to assess two complementary LiDAR metrics, Assmann dominant height and basal area, for the characterization of the structure of P. sylvestris Mediterranean forests based on object-oriented segmentation, ii) to evaluate the influence of the LiDAR pulse density on forest-stand delineation accuracy, and iii) to investigate the algorithmś effectiveness in the delineation of P. sylvestris stands for map prediction of Assmann dominant height and basal area. Our results show that it is possible to generate accurate P. sylvestris forest-stand segmentations using multiresolution or mean shift segmentation methods, even with low-pulse-density LiDAR − which is an important economic advantage for forest management. However, eCognition multiresolution methods provided better results than the OTB (Orfeo Tool Box) for stand delineation based on dominant height and basal area estimations. Furthermore, the influence of pulse density on the results was not statistically significant in the basal area calculations. However, there was a significant effect of pulse density on Assmann dominant height [F_2,9595 = 5.69, p = 0.003].for low pulse density. We propose that the approach shown here should be considered for stand delineation in other large Pinus plantations in Mediterranean regions with similar characteristics.     

一种改进的Mean Shift点云数据滤波

点云数据滤波是三维重建质量好坏的关键,为了避免在进行滤波时花费大量计算时间建立点云间的拓扑关系,提出利用改进的Mean Shift算法直接对点云数据进行处理,使其快速移动到核密度估计函数的最大值点,从而达到降低噪声的目的。     

两种GPS天线阵列抗干扰算法研究及仿真

介绍了自适应天线阵列信号响应的数学描述,论述了在GPS抗干扰应用中广泛采用的基于最小均平方（LMS）的自适应算法的原理和实现过程,并对算法进行了仿真。提出了一种优于LMS算法的自适应数字波束形成（DBF）技术,推导出了其最优权系数矢量的计算方法,并对该算法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明：4阵元LMS的自适应调零算法对于单干扰的抑制和双干扰的抑制都达到了较好的效果,同时也体现了该算法零陷的优点。