The flexible global ocean-atmosphere-land system model, Grid-point Version 2: FGOALS-g2

This study mainly introduces the development of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) and the preliminary evaluations of its performances based on results from the pre-industrial control run and four members of historical runs according to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) experiment design. The results suggest that many obvious improvements have been achieved by the FGOALS-g2 compared with the previous version,FGOALS-g1, including its climatological mean states, climate variability, and 20th century surface temperature evolution. For example,FGOALS-g2 better simulates the frequency of tropical land precipitation, East Asian Monsoon precipitation and its seasonal cycle, MJO and ENSO, which are closely related to the updated cumulus parameterization scheme, as well as the alleviation of uncertainties in some key parameters in shallow and deep convection schemes, cloud fraction, cloud macro/microphysical processes and the boundary layer scheme in its atmospheric model. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature along the equator in the Pacific is significantly improved in the new version. The sea ice salinity simulation is one of the unique characteristics of FGOALS-g2, although it is somehow inconsistent with empirical observations in the Antarctic.     

二十世纪深圳气温变化特征及严重冷暖冬事件

利用香港、澳门平均气温长序列资料，采用回归订正法将深圳平均气温序列延长到100多年，分析显示，深圳100年来气温呈上升趋势，年平均气温线性倾向达到0．6℃／100年，年平均气温、夏秋冬气温在1980’s后期至1990’s显著升高，夏秋气温升幅最大，春季气温升幅较小，且100多年发生的严重／异常的冷／暖冬事件中，严重／异常冷冬有2／3发生在上半世纪以前，严重／异常暖冬则有2／3发生在下半世纪，1990’s共出现4次。     

CH4和N2O的辐射强迫与全球增温潜能

CH₄和N₂O作为主要温室气体,自工业革命以来排放量急剧增加,已经被列入《京都议定书》要求控制它们的排放。本文利用高光谱分辨率的辐射传输模式,计算了CH₄、N₂O在晴空大气和有云大气条件下的瞬时辐射效率和平流层调整的辐射效率,以及它们的全球增温潜能(GWP)和全球温变潜能(GTP),并根据模式结果拟合了CH₄和N₂O的辐射强迫的简单计算公式。本文的研究表明:CH₄和N₂O在有云大气下的平流层调整的辐射效率分别为4.142×10-4 W m-2 ppb-1和3.125×10-3 W m-2 ppb-1 (1ppb=10-9),经大气寿命调整后的辐射效率分别为3.732×10-4 W m-2 ppb-1和2.987×10-3 W m-2 ppb-1,与IPCC(2007)的相应结果高度一致。CH₄和N₂O 100年的全球增温潜能GWP分别为16和266;100年的脉冲排放的全球温变潜能GTPP分别为0.24和233;持续排放的全球温变潜能GTPS分别为18和268。它们在未来全球变暖和气候变化中,影响仅次于CO₂,仍然起着非常关键的作用。     

Variational data assimilation experiments of mei-yu front rainstorms in China

The numerical forecasts of mei-yu front rainstorms in China has been an important issue. The intensity and pattern of the frontal rainfall are greatly influenced by the initial fields of the numerical model. The 4-dimensional variational data assimilation technology (4DVAR) can effectively assimilate all kinds of observed data, including rainfall data at the observed stations, so that the initial fields and the precipitation forecast can both be greatly improved. The non-hydrostatic meso-scale model (MM5) and its adjoint model are used to study the development of the mei-yu front rainstorm from 1200 UTC 25 June to 0600 UTC 26 June 1999. By numerical simulation experiments and assimilation experiments, the T106 data and the observed 6-hour rainfall data are assimilated. The influences of many factors, such as the choice of the assimilated variables and the weighting coefficient, on the precipitation forecast results are studied. The numerical results show that 4DVAR is valuable and important to mei-yu front rainfall prediction.     

平流层行星波对CH4季节变率的影响

分析了1992-2000年各季节卤素掩星试验(Halogen Oceultation Experiment)HAOLE的CH4混合比资料,并用美国国家大气研究中心(the National Center for Atmospheric Research)NCAR的平流层二维模式(Simulation of Chemistry,Radiation,and Transport of Environmentally important Species)SOCARTES研究了CH4在冬、夏季节变率与平流层行星波对CH4浓度输送之间的关系,结果表明:观测和模拟的CH4混合比季节变化都很明显,而模拟的CH4浓度季节变率比观测值小30%～60%.分析结果还表明,模式中行星波引起的CH4浓度变化主要贡献于30 km以下的季节变率.比较了模拟和观测的行星波对CH4的输送结果,结果显示模式明显低估了行星波的输送,这也是模式中季节变率比观测偏小的一个主要原因.     

Development of a Single-Column Model in RegCM4 and Its Preliminary Application for Evaluating PBL Schemes in Simulating the Dry Convection Boundary Layer

A single-column model (SCM) is developed in the regional climate model RegCM4. The evolution of a dry convection boundary layer (DCBL) is used to evaluate this SCM. Moreover, four planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, namely the Holtslag-Boville scheme (HB), Yonsei University scheme (YSU), and two University of Washington schemes (UW01, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme and UW09, Bretherton-Park scheme), are compared by using the SCM approach. A large-eddy simulation (LES) of the DCBL is performed as a benchmark to examine how well a PBL parameterization scheme reproduces the LES results, and several diagnostic outputs are compared to evaluate the schemes. The results show that the SCM is proper constructed. In general, with the DCBL case, the YSU scheme performs best for reproducing the LES results, which include well-mixed features and vertical sensible heat fluxes; the simulated wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, entrainment flux, and height of the entrainment zone are all underestimated in the UW09; the UW01 has all those biases of the UW09 but larger, and the simulated potential temperature is not well mixed; the HB is the least skillful scheme, by which the PBL height, entrainment flux, height of the entrainment zone, and the vertical gradients within the mixed layer are all overestimated, and a inversion layer near the top of the surface layer is wrongly simulated.Although more cases and further testing are required, these simulations show encouraging results towards the use of this SCM framework for evaluating the simulated physical processes by the RegCM4.     

近40年5—6月东北亚和北半球其他区域阻塞高压活动特征及其联系

基于美国环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR-Ⅰ）再分析资料,按照国际通行的阻塞高压（阻高）定义,采用计算机自动识别和天气图人工主、客观相结合的检测方法,获得了1979—2018年5月和6月逐日北半球中高纬度阻高活动的无缝隙分布;并利用线性相关和信息流因果关系等统计方法,研究了东北亚（鄂霍次克海）阻高与北半球其他阻高活动区特征及其联系。根据阻高活动集中程度与占北半球活动总天数的百分比,选定8个5月阻高主要活动区和10个6月阻高主要活动区。从统计结果来看,5月北太平洋、北美和乌拉尔山阻高活动占前3位,6月东北亚阻高活动天数跃升第1位。值得注意的是,初夏在贝加尔湖以南、青藏高原以北地区出现了明显的阻塞形势,称为青藏高原北阻高。5月和6月北半球各阻高活动中心集中的纬度分布,自西向东具有“正弦波”特征,其主要活动区引起的同期北半球500 hPa高度场的异常虽不尽相同,但均具有一定的遥相关特征;5月和6月东北亚阻高活动天数的年际变化分量具有明显的相对独立性。5月东北亚阻高是6月贝加尔湖阻高活动年际变化的稳定影响源,是6月青藏高原北阻高活动年际变化的不稳定影响源;唯有5月北太平洋阻高是6月东北亚阻高年际变化的稳定影响源。2019年6月北半球阻高活动异常的区域位于欧洲,达19 d,为气候平均值（7 d）的2.7倍,也是导致欧洲大陆初夏高温的主要影响系统。      

MICAPS4预报业务系统建设进展与未来发展

以精细化预报为标志的现代天气预报业务对高时空分辨率气象数据的应用提出了更高的需求,而传统的预报分析制作系统MICAPS3（Meteorological Information Comprehensive Analysis and Processing System Version 3）无法满足符合大数据特征的实时预报相关的数据应用。同时,模式预报和集合预报应用已在各专业预报领域中发挥越来越重要的作用,网格预报产品正在涵盖全部的预报业务流程,而MICAPS3无法提供便捷高效的支撑。为解决上述问题,国家气象中心启动了MICAPS4建设,一方面建立了基于大数据的气象实时预报应用技术体系,解决了气象大数据处理、存储、分析和显示效率的关键技术难题;另一方面搭建了多个满足不同复杂预报业务需求的专业化版本。MICAPS4将信息化技术与预报技术、预报业务流程紧密结合,解决了现代化预报方法的平台化集成应用与精细化预报制作的关键技术难题,基于MICAPS4基础框架的多个专业版在中央气象台和部分省级气象台进行业务化应用推广。基于CIMISS（China Integrated Meteorological Information Sharing System）-MICAPS4的海量数据存储环境,极大减轻了系统部署和本地化工作量,显著提升了数据解析及数据存储访问效率。     

The Structure of Background-error Covariance in a Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation System: Single-point Experiment

A four dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar) based on a dimension-reduced projection (DRP-4DVar) has been developed as a hybrid of the 4DVar and Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) concepts. Its good flow-dependent features are demonstrated in single-point experiments through comparisons with adjoint-based 4DVar and three-dimensional variational data (3DVar) assimilations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The results reveal that DRP-4DVar can reasonably generate a background error covariance matrix (simply B-matrix) during the assimilation window from an initial estimation using a number of initial condition dependent historical forecast samples. In contrast, flow-dependence in the B-matrix of MM5 4DVar is barely detectable. It is argued that use of diagonal estimation in the B-matrix of the MM5 4DVar method at the initial time leads to this failure. The experiments also show that the increments produced by DRP-4DVar are anisotropic and no longer symmetric with respect to observation location due to the effects of the weather trends captured in its B-matrix. This differs from the MM5 3DVar which does not consider the influence of heterogeneous forcing on the correlation structure of the B-matrix, a condition that is realistic for many situations. Thus, the MM5 3DVar assimilation could only present an isotropic and homogeneous structure in its increments.     

东北5月降水在21世纪初的年代际变化及可能成因

基于1961—2015年东北地区的台站降水观测资料及全球环流和海温再分析资料,利用统计分析、物理量诊断等方法,探讨了东北5月降水的年代际变化,及其与大气环流和海温外强迫的关系。研究发现,东北5月降水具有和东北盛夏降水明显不同的年代际变化特征,在20世纪80年代中期至90年代初处于年代际偏少阶段,而在21世纪初转变为年代际偏多阶段。东北5月降水在21世纪初的年代际变化主要由5月东北亚低压强弱的年代际变化造成,在21世纪初,东北亚低压相对于气候态明显偏强,有利于东北降水偏多;而在20世纪80年代初至90年代初,东北亚低压减弱为较浅的低槽,导致东北降水偏少。来自北大西洋的欧亚大陆位势高度异常波列引起东北亚上空的垂直运动异常,导致了东北亚低压的上述年代际变化。5月热带北大西洋海温异常很可能是激发上述波列进而造成东北亚低压和东北5月降水在21世纪初年代际变化的外强迫信号。