Effects of Fe and Al incorporations on the bridgmanite–postperovskite coexistence domain

The postperovskite phase transition of Fe and Al-bearing MgSiO₃ bridgmanite, the most aboundant mineral in the Earth's lower mantle, is believed to be a key to understanding seismological observations in the D″ layer, e.g., the discontinuous changes in seismic wave velocities. Experimentally reported phase transition boundaries of Fe and Al-bearing bridgmanite are currently largely controversial and generally suggest wide two-phase coexistence domains. Theoretical simulations ignoring temperature effects cannot evaluate correctly two-phase coexistence domains under high-temperature. We show high-pressure and high-temperature phase transition boundaries for various compositions with geophysically relevant impurities of Fe²⁺SiO₃, Fe³⁺Fe³⁺O₃, Fe³⁺Al³⁺O₃, and Al³⁺Al³⁺O₃ derived from the ab initio finite-temperature free energies calculated combining the internally consistent LSDA + U method and a lattice dynamics approach. We found that at ～ 2500 K, incorporations accompanied by Fe³⁺ expand the two-phase coexistence domains distinctly, implying that D″ seismic discontinuities likely arise from the phase transition of Fe²⁺-bearing bridgmanite.     

密闭高温高压溶样ICP-MS测定56种国家地质标准物质中的36种痕量元素——对部分元素参考值修正和定值的探讨

标准物质参考值的准确性在测试仪器校准、分析数据质量监控以及方法评价等方面具有非常重要的作用.为了检验国家地质标准物质参考值的准确性,本文应用高温高压密闭溶样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析了国家地质标准物质的18种岩石(GBW 07103 ～ GBW 07125)、19种沉积物(GBW 07301 ～ GBW 07318)和19种土壤(GBW 07401 ～ GBW 07430)中36种痕量与稀土元素.结果表明,除个别标准样品中的几个元素(Ni、Cr、Pb、Co、Cu、Sc、Yb、Lu)外,其余国家标准物质中36种元素测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于10％;绝大部分元素测定值的相对误差小于10％,测定值与参考值能较好地吻合.将误差较大元素的测定值与其他实验室的测定值以及文献报道值进行了比较,指出已有的参考值需要修正;针对部分沉积物和土壤中的元素未提供参考值,如GBW 07306的Ni、GBW 07313的Be、Hf、Ta,GBW 07314的Li、Be,GBW 07409、GBW 07410和GBW0741 1的Hf、Ta,GBW 07426的Gd、Ta,本文给出了相应的参考值.     

云南勐海盘龙山铁矿矿床成因

盘龙山铁矿成矿物质在热动力条件下迁移,在区域变质及构造作用下,达到绿片岩相的热动力作用下富集成矿化体,之后经漫长风化淋漓富集,原地堆积形成工业矿体,属沉积—变质改造型铁矿之风化淋漓富集残坡积矿床。     

湘南黄沙坪多金属矿床花岗斑岩的矿物化学及其对矽卡岩白钨矿成矿的指示意义

黄沙坪多金属矿床是湖南最大的铅锌生产基地,并且在与矿床内花岗斑岩接触的矽卡岩带产有隐伏的大型矽卡岩型白钨矿和中型规模的辉钼矿。钨-钼矿化的时代为晚侏罗世,与矿床内花岗斑岩侵入时代一致。然而,已有研究认为,由于该花岗斑岩规模很小,矽卡岩型白钨矿的成矿热液应来自深部岩浆房而非此花岗斑岩。为此,我们对花岗斑岩进行了仔细的镜下观测,并且对其中的副矿物和黑云母以及矽卡岩中的白钨矿进行了电子探针成分分析,应用原位LA-ICP-MS方法测定了矽卡岩中白钨矿的稀土元素含量,试图对白钨矿矿化的物质和流体来源提供确切的证据。通过研究,首次在矿床内花岗斑岩中发现了与未蚀变黑云母伴生的黑钨矿和铌铁矿,表明花岗斑岩至少在岩浆结晶作用晚期或岩浆-热液过渡阶段早期就已发生钨的矿物富集,为确定花岗斑岩是控制钨矿化的成矿岩体提供了依据。此外,发现花岗斑岩中的黑云母(属铁叶云母)含有极高的氟含量(3%),指示其应形成于富含氟的高分异岩浆。研究进一步揭示,矽卡岩中白钨矿的轻稀土元素配分模式与花岗斑岩十分一致,而重稀土元素则显著亏损,而且Eu的含量较花岗斑岩更为富集。这暗示形成白钨矿的成矿流体应直接来自花岗斑岩,即:在早期无水矽卡岩阶段,石榴子石的沉淀导致流体中的重稀土亏损而Eu相对富集;白钨矿随后再从这种流体中沉淀。此外,白钨矿的Eu含量与Sm、Gd含量具有负相关关系,表明Eu的分配是相对独立的行为,主要以Eu2+存在,从而指示沉淀白钨矿的流体具有还原的性质。结合前人的研究成果及本文所提供的新证据,我们认为,形成矽卡岩型白钨矿的钨和成矿热液应来自高分异且富F的花岗斑岩,而所需的钙则可能来自于碳酸盐围岩,即矿床内花岗斑岩应是形成钨钼矿床的物质来源,驱动热液活动的能量来源,和寻找隐伏钨矿床的重要找矿标志。     

Hydrodynamics and suspended particulate matter retention in macrotidal estuaries located in Amazonia-semiarid interface (Northeastern-Brazil)

The aim of the current study was to determine the nature of the seasonal variability of the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) fluxes from the drainage basin to the estuary in a macrotidal region (Northeastern Brazil), and the estuarine response to a seawater intrusion regarding sediment deposition, which will support the understanding of the global transport of materials at the continent-ocean interface. Thermohaline structure data was acquired using a Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) probe with a sampling frequency of 4 Hz. Suspended particulate material was measured by gravimetric measurements applied to exact filtered volume samples. The outflows were measured through the use of an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) with frequency of 1.5 MHz. The horizontal thermal and saline gradients varied from warmer and less saline waters (2014) to cooler and saline waters (2015). The gradient behavior when linked to volume transport and SPM flows, suggests a minimization of the fluvial flows in 2015, easing the advance of coastal water (CW) towards the inner estuary, leading to an inversion of the baroclinic pressure gradient. The bottom saline front, generated by the entrance of coastal water masses, caused an increase in SPM concentrations due to increased fluid density, resuspension of previously deposited sediment, and erosion of banks. High concentrations of SPM indicate higher volume transport suggesting a hydraulic barrier due to the change/inversion of the baroclinic pressure gradient, resulting in water and material retention. Material deposition was observed during neap tide, while during spring tide the material is resuspended, increasing the concentration, generating cycles of deposition and erosion during the neap-spring tides. The sediment in suspension that reach the estuary, even with low fluvial volume, stay in this environment forming new islands because of deposition. High deposition rates or sediment cycling, if generated by the hydraulic barrier, may indicate that the flows of SPM from the continental drainage to the estuary and adjacent continental shelf are interrupted and the residence time is increased.     

重庆西山坪西园建材厂滑坡应急抢险治理工程设计与研究

以西山坪西园建材厂滑坡体工程地质勘察资料为依据，分析了滑坡体的岩土组成和物理力学性质以及造成滑坡的原因。认为影响山体滑坡的因素除与边坡地层岩性、微地貌特征、气象及水文条件有关外，修建厂房开挖与切割边坡坡脚则是重要的诱发原因。定性得出该滑坡的形成机制和类型为牵引式、浅层、小型土质新型滑坡。在此基础上，应用规范所推荐的极限平衡法，对该滑坡体的3个主要地质剖面(A—A’、B—B’、C—C’)进行了稳定性计算与分析，得到不同工况下滑坡体稳定系数值。其中，在最不利组合工况(自重 暴雨 地震)下，滑坡体稳定系数仅为0．99～1．03，处于不稳定状态。根据计算结果，按照《长江三峡库区滑坡灾害防治规范》要求及“技术可行、安全可靠、经济合理、简单易实施”的设计原则，对该滑坡的应急抢险方案进行了设计，提出以抗滑桩拦挡工程为主、坡顶修筑截排水沟、地表裂缝回填夯实等综合治理方案。抗滑桩设置1排，分3段，根据每段不同的剩余下滑力设计抗滑桩的断面尺寸和埋设深度，使该滑坡体治理后，其安全系数分别满足不同工况下的规范要求。该方案已通过了三峡库区滑坡灾害防治专家组的审核，目前，正处于实施阶段。     

自动站与人工站常规气象要素的对比分析

对自动气象站资料和人工气象站资料进行了对比分析。并通过统计对比分析方法．找出它们之间的相互关系,从而为自动气象站单轨运行作些准备。研究结果认为．自动站温度比人工站平均偏高0．3℃,气压平均偏低0．5hPa,湿度平均偏小4％;用回归分析和经验公式方法对两者进行换算时,效果接近．但随着样本量的增加,应对回归分析法中的回归系数进行修订。     

High‐Precision Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb Isotopic Composition of Chinese Geological Standard Glass Reference Materials CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5 by MC‐ICP‐MS and TIMS

To assess the homogeneity of and provide the first Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotopic reference values for the Chinese Geological Standard Glasses CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5, we measured these isotopes in several measurement sessions over the course of nearly 3 years. The results were obtained by high‐precision MC‐ICP‐MS and TIMS. Our investigation indicates that these CGSG glass reference materials are homogenous with regard to Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotopic distribution and are therefore suitable geochemical materials for Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotope measurements. Clear differences in Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotopic composition were observed between the glasses and the original powdered rock reference materials (CGSG‐2 and GSR‐7, and especially CGSG‐5 and GSR‐2) because of flux addition during preparation of the glasses. The new Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotope data provided here might be useful to the geochemical community for in situ and bulk analysis.     

滇西老厂隐伏斑岩-矽卡岩型钼矿床成矿过程与物质来源

滇西老厂新生代隐伏斑岩-矽卡岩矿床位于西南三江特提斯南段昌宁-缝合带内,是缝合带内目前发现唯一的钼矿床。前人的研究主要围绕新生代岩体展开,而对于有关的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿作用的研究尚待深化。本文对老厂斑岩-矽卡岩型钼矿床进行了岩相学、电子探针和硫同位素分析,探讨成矿物理化学条件和物质来源。斑岩型矿床成矿过程包括成岩期、钾化期与硅化期,矽卡岩型成矿过程包括进矽卡岩期、早退矽卡岩期和晚退矽卡岩期。斑岩与矽卡岩最终都经历了低温热液的改造。矿物学和电子探针分析表明:角闪石结晶温度为730~790℃,氧逸度NNO+1.6~2.5,成岩阶段具有高温和相对还原的特点;钾化及硅化阶段黑云母结晶温度从650℃逐步降低为450℃,然而相应的氧逸度由QMF+1.9升高为QMF+2.5。斑岩内辉钼矿的富集以及矽卡岩内金属硫化物的沉积,均与温度下降和氧逸度升高关系密切。已知斑岩全岩δ~(34)SVCDT(+3.00‰~+11.00‰)与无矿化斑岩全岩δ~(34)S组成一致,表明成矿物质主要来源于岩浆。金属硫化物δ~(34)SVCDT(-1.96‰~+1.99‰)组成与低氧逸度斑岩矿床的δ34S组成特征符合。本文为老厂钼矿床成矿机制提出了客观合理的解释,为丰富西南三江特提斯新生代斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统的研究提供了新的参考。     

职教改革之如何上好《数字化内业制图》这门课

高职教育中,讲授好一门课程仅熟悉教材和课程内容是远远不够的,还必须有足够的生产实践经验和足够的课堂"任务"支持,这些任务来自于教师自身的生产项目和实习项目,来自于生产单位的生产项目,这些"任务"必须全面、难易结合,本文就"任务导向法"简要探讨了计算机应用软件类课程的课堂讲授方法。