Deepwater Ventilation and Stratification in the Neogene South China Sea

Combined data of physical property, benthic foraminifera, and stable isotopes from ODP Sites 1148, 1146, and 1143 are used to discuss deep water evolution in the South China Sea (SCS) since the Early Miocene. The results indicate that 3 lithostratigraphic units, respectively corresponding to 21-17 Ma, 15-10 Ma, and 10-5 Ma with positive red parameter (a*) marking the red brown sediment color represent 3 periods of deep water ventilation. The first 2 periods show a closer link to contemporary production of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and Northern Component Water (NCW), indicating a free connection of deep waters between the SCS and the open ocean before 10 Ma. After 10 Ma, red parameter dropped but stayed higher than the modern value (a*=0), the CaCO3 percentage difference between Site 1148 from a lower deepwater setting and Site 1146 from an upper deepwater setting enlarged significantly, and benthic species which prefer oxygen-rich bottom conditions dramatically decreased. Coupled with a major negative excursion of benthic δ13C at ~10 Ma, these parameters may denote a weakening in the control of the SCS deep water by the open ocean. Probably they mark the birth of a local deep water due to shallow waterways or rise of sill depths during the course of sea basin closing from south to east by the west-moving Philippine Arc after the end of SCS seafloor spreading at 16-15 Ma. However, it took another 5 Ma before the dissolved oxygen approached close to the modern level. Although the oxygen level continued to stabilize, several Pacific Bottom Water (PBW) and Pacific Deep Water (PDW) marker species rapidly increased since ~6 Ma, followed by a dramatic escalation in planktonic fragmentation which indicates high dissolution especially after ~5 Ma. The period of 5-3 Ma saw the strongest stratified deepwater in the then SCS, as indicated by up to 40% CaCO3 difference between Sites 1148 and 1146. Apart from a strengthening PDW as a result of global cooling and ice cap buildup on northern high latitudes, a deepening sea basin due to stronger subduction eastward may also have triggered the influx of more corrosive waters from the deep western Pacific. Since 3 Ma, the evolution of the SCS deep water entered a modern phase, as characterized by relative stable 10% CaCO3 difference between the two sites and increase in infaunal benthic species which prefer a low oxygenated environment. Thesubsequent reduction of PBW and PDW marker species at about 1.2 Ma and 0.9 Ma and another significant negative excursion of benthic δ13C to a Neogene minimum at ~0.9 Ma together convey a clear message that the PBW largely disappeared and the PDW considerably weakened in the Mid-Pleistocene SCS. Therefore, the true modern mode SCS deep water started to form only during the "Mid-Pleistocene climatic transition" probably due to the rise of sill depths under the Bashi Strait.     

华北新构造：印欧碰撞远场效应与太平洋俯冲地幔上涌之间的相互作用

作为大陆内部典型的伸展断陷区和强震活动区,华北地区处于东部太平洋板块俯冲构造和西部印欧大陆碰撞构造的双重大地构造背景之下,其新构造运动相当复杂:西部沿鄂尔多斯地块周缘两个地堑盆地系引张伸展断陷作用、中部太行山块体的局部断陷和整体隆升、东部华北平原区和渤海湾海域区的区域沉降,南缘沿秦岭构造带的左旋走滑拉张活动,东缘沿郯庐断裂带的右旋挤压走滑活动。这些不同类型的断裂构造在晚新生代的阶段性活动,产生了复杂的构造地貌组合特征。综合研究发现,华北晚新生代经历了3期伸展断陷-挤压隆升演化阶段:新近纪晚期(10～2.5 Ma)、早中更新世和晚更新世以来。地壳引张应力方向或NW-SE、或NE-SW向;地块隆升导致湖盆的消亡,挤压应力方向为NE-SW至W-E向。研究认为,华北地区新构造受两个岩石圈构造过程的相互影响:印欧碰撞产生的远程效应和东部岩石圈地幔的上涌。一方面,青藏高原东北缘地块的持续推挤及其构造应力向东的传递导致鄂尔多斯地块反时针旋转和秦岭山地的向东挤出逃逸,这个挤出构造动力学统治了华北地区晚新生代的引张伸展、斜张走滑和挤压变形。尤其是,新近纪晚期强烈的NW-SE向地壳伸展变形与青藏东缘挤出造山作用同步(10～9 Ma至4.2 Ma);上新世末期(约2.5 Ma)、晚更新世早期(约200～70 ka)和晚更新世晚期—全新世(约20 ka以来)3次构造挤压事件与青藏高原东缘构造事件基本对应。另一方面,岩石圈地幔上涌主导了华北东部平原区的区域地壳沉降,同时伴随着早、中更新世的5期幔源火山活动。这两个岩石圈构造作用力此消彼长,深刻统治着华北地区新构造与现今活动构造以及地震构造。     

山西地区太原组腕足动物古生态及其环境特征

长期以来,前人对山西地区太原组腕足动物的研究侧重于描述性工作,而对于古生态特征及其环境背景的研究则重视不够。本文主要分析了该区太原组腕足动物的产状规律、纵横向上分布的变化及其古生态特征,在此基础上,结合岩性特征、沉积构造及部分微量元素的分析等,将太原组划分为5种主要的沉积相。笔者主要讨论了处于封闭、半封闭状态下水体安静,浑浊度高,具有一定淡化作用,以大量发育舌形贝类为特征的近岸浅水海湾或分流间湾泥岩相;位于潮间或潮下带,以富含腕足动物化石为特征的正常浅海碳酸岩相;以及动物化石稀少,但虫管潜穴丰富,以粉细砂岩与泥岩互层的潮坪相。根据上述特征及与邻区的对比,推测本区太原组是在一个巨大的海湾背景条件下形成的一套海陆交互相沉积。     

泰安市矿产开发监督管理工作的思考

根据泰安市区域矿产开发特点,及时掌握矿山企业开采情况,通过加强采矿登记现场预审查、开展矿山开采督察和采矿权人矿产资源开发利用年查等措施,强化了矿产资源开发过程中的监督管理,维护了正常开采秩序及采矿权人的合法权益。     

英买力凝析气田群区巴什基奇克组-库姆格列木群 层组划分与对比研究

英买力凝析气田群区层组划分与对比研究是该地区陆相地层油气藏地质和开发工程中最基本和最重要的精细地质研究内容之一,也是急需解决的关键技术难题之一。本次研究采取"取心标准井出发,岩心标定测井,寻找辅助标志层,进行旋回对比、分级控制,将隔夹层纳入到同一沉积旋回进行识别、划分对比,以隔层确定小层,并兼顾‘就近、闭合’的原则"展开层组划分与对比,重新确定出更适用于气田开发的气层组、砂层组、小层等划分单元。而对可以作为层组划分与对比辅助手段的白垩系与古近系不整合界面、库姆格列木群底砂岩段顶界以及层组中的隔夹层等的识别,为层组的精细划分对比提供了重要保证,很好地解决了巴什基奇克组、库姆格列木群的层组划分问题,对英买力地区凝析气藏的后期开发等问题具有积极的指导意义。     

建筑围护结构节能与防火体系构建

从围护结构节能与防火一体化思路出发,提倡钢筋混凝土结构保温一体化建筑体系和砌体结构保温一体化建筑体系;尤其主张在我国建筑工业化全面升级的基础上大力开发与推广保温型混凝土预制装配化技术,统一建筑模数,实现标准化与多样化;针对预制装配化保温型混凝土在梁、构造柱等容易出现的冷、热桥问题的部位,创新式提出以相变储能材料与建筑结构相融合来提高建这些部位的热工性能,减少温度梯度;从系统上做到保温与建筑同寿命、免维护、工序少,工期短、耐火等,从而真正实现低碳,构建建筑围护结构节能防火一体化建筑体系。     

一种具有巨大经济价值的海洋矿产资源--砂石土

砂石土指第四纪堆积的泥、土、砂，为一种极为重要的资源。我国具有丰富的海洋砂石土资源。以广东海域为例，通过资料的综合分析，探讨了海岸砂石土资源的重要作用，并提出其开采应注意的问题。     

Assimilation and Fractional Crystallization Controlled by Transport Process of Crustal Melt: Implications from an Alkali Basalt-Dacite Suite from Rishiri Volcano, Japan

Mechanisms of fractional crystallization with simultaneous crustalassimilation (AFC) are examined for the Kutsugata and Tanetomilavas, an alkali basalt–dacite suite erupted sequentiallyfrom Rishiri Volcano, northern Japan. The major element variationswithin the suite can be explained by boundary layer fractionation;that is, mixing of a magma in the main part of the magma bodywith a fractionated interstitial melt transported from the mushyboundary layer at the floor. Systematic variations in SiO₂ correlatewith variations in the Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions ofthe lavas. The geochemical variations of the lavas are explainedby a constant and relatively low ratio of assimilated mass tocrystallized mass (‘r value’). In the magma chamberin which the Kutsugata and Tanetomi magmas evolved, a strongthermal gradient was present and it is suggested that the marginalpart of the reservoir was completely solidified. The assimilantwas transported by crack flow from the partially fused floorcrust to the partially crystallized floor mush zone throughfractures in the solidified margin, formed mainly by thermalstresses resulting from cooling of the solidified margin andheating of the crust. The crustal melt was then mixed with thefractionated interstitial melt in the mushy zone, and the mixedmelt was further transported by compositional convection tothe main magma, causing its geochemical evolution to be characteristicof AFC. The volume flux of the assimilant from the crust tothe magma chamber is suggested to have decreased progressivelywith time (proportional to t^–1/2), and was about 3 x 10^–2m/year at t = 10 years and 1 x 10^–2 m/year at t = 100years. It has been commonly considered that the heat balancebetween magmas and the surrounding crust controls the couplingof assimilation and fractional crystallization processes (i.e.absolute value of r). However, it is inferred from this studythat the ratio of assimilated mass to crystallized mass canbe controlled by the transport process of the assimilant fromthe crust to magma chambers. KEY WORDS: assimilation and fractional crystallization; mass balance model; magma chamber; melt transport; Pb isotope     

2008年广西严重低温雨雪冰冻天气过程分析

利用T213、ECMW F数值预报资料和MICAPS提供的常规观测资料,对这次极端天气事件成因进行分析,表明造成这次长时间低温雨雪冰冻天气的主要原因有:(1)北半球东亚倒Ω流型使大气环流长时间稳定,使北支、南支锋区偏南,极地冷空气不断补充南下影响到江南、华南,华南静止锋在沿海长时间维持,锋区强度大;(2)南支槽活跃,西南暖湿气流持续向我国南方输送,冷暖空气在华南上空交汇,导致广西出现长时间的降水;(3)逆温层维持时间长,长时间的降水普遍以小雨为主,容易形成过冷水滴,雨淞范围从贵州、湖南南扩至广西北部,造成道路结冰、电线积冰等次生灾害,灾情严重。     

Analysis of the economic benefits associated with the recovery of threatened marine mammal species in the Canadian St. Lawrence Estuary

This paper examines Canadians' willingness to pay to recover the populations of three marine mammal species found in the St Lawrence Estuary. The valuation approach utilized a stated preference tool that is somewhat a hybrid between contingent valuation and a choice experiment with multiple species recovery program options and choices framed as referenda. Program options involved the use of a marine protected area and restrictions on whale watching and shipping industries. The estimated willingness to pay (WTP) for different levels of marine mammal recovery ranged from $77 to $229 per year per household and varied according to the species affected and the recovery program effort. A series of tests revealed that people would be willing to pay more for programs that contribute to greater increases in marine mammal populations, but the additional value of programs that improve a species status beyond the “at risk” threshold is relatively small.