重塑黏土空心圆柱试样制备技术改进及应用

受大体积制样降低土体均衡性及取芯扰动试样的影响,目前在包括主应力轴旋转等复杂应力路径下所开展的重塑软黏土力学特性试验研究的可靠性有待进一步提高。基于真空预压技术设计了制备重塑样的新型装置及方法,具有渗透排水与内壁成型双重作用的竖向排水体、分级施加真空负压以及多个试样同时制作等部件和技术,可快速制备大量空心圆柱试样,所制试样含水率具有较好的均匀性和一致性,减小了后期取芯对试样造成的扰动。开展了主应力轴旋转路径下的相关验证试验,从土体力学性能方面证明了所制试样用于研究复杂应力路径条件下土体性态演变规律的可靠性,为系统研究软黏土静动力学特性与长期稳定性提供了前提。     

软土固结系数确定方法的研究及应用

在砂井地基固结度计算中,土的固结系数是一个十分重要的参数,土的固结系数通常通过室内试验求得,但室内取得水平向固结系数制样比较困难。利用软基处理过程中孔隙水压力监测资料来推算软土的固结系数,并和室内试验加以对比分析,总结出二者之间的相互关系及变化规律,可供同类工程设计借鉴。     

复杂应力条件下掺砾黏土真三轴试验

采用新型真三轴仪器,对掺砾黏土进行了复杂应力条件下加载试验,近似模拟了土石坝填筑期心墙土体单元的加荷过程。试验结果表明,由于土体单元处于复杂应力状态,即使是单向加载这样的简单加荷应力路径,在不同应力方向上的应力和变形也都呈现显著的应力各向异性。土石坝应力变形分析中坝体单元处于三向应力条件下,由于加载引起的应力各向异性对心墙乃至整个坝体的应力变形规律都有较大影响,合理的本构模型应该能够反映并描述这种复杂应力状态下的应力各向异性。     

Use of clay as a pozzolona in high strength Portland cement and its thermal activation

In this investigation local clay from Cherat mines, Nowshera District, NWFP, Pakistan, has been tested as a pozzolanic material in high strength Portland cement. Thermal treatments were performed as a means of activation of the clay. It was found that thermal treatment of the clay can increase its pozzolanic activity. Different blended mortars, containing different amounts of clay, activated at different temperatures were studied for compressive strength, consistency, and setting times. It was concluded that the mechanical properties of the blended cements were mainly governed by the percentage of incorporation of the calcined clay. Blended cement composition has been formulated, with optimal results of 20% calcined clay at a temperature of 600℃.     

苏北平原MIS 3阶段海侵事件的沉积记录

MIS 3阶段的气候与环境是古气候与古环境研究的热点,该阶段中国沿海地区的海侵过程是沿海平原环境演化的重要事件。根据苏北平原宝应By1钻孔的 14 C年代结果和沉积特征、微体生物组合特点,确认苏北平原MIS 3阶段存在明显的海侵事件,潮滩与泻湖相沉积层的厚度约7m,深度在By1孔19~26m,海相层位于长江三角洲地区的典型末次冰盛期的硬粘土层之下,14 C年代在距今26~39ka之间,属于MIS 3阶段的沉积,岩芯沉积物的沉积构造以水平的薄层砂质粉砂沉积为主。沉积物中大量的海相有孔虫壳体在研究的岩芯段中是最丰富的; 此外,还发现咸水环境下的Sinocytheridea impressa (Brady),Spinileberis pulchra与Spinileberis furuyaensis,Neomonoceratina chenae Zhao,Keijella bisanensis (Okubo)等形类壳体; 该段岩芯中的植物残体、碳屑也很丰富,有机质含量丰富,显示比较封闭的弱动力环境,指示了潮滩、泻湖沉积环境。     

三门湾表层沉积物黏土矿物特征及来源分析

利用XRD方法分析了三门湾表层沉积物中的黏土矿物组成和含量,结合沉积物粒径趋势分析及长江和三门湾流域中小河流的黏土矿物组合特征,开展了三门湾沉积物的来源分析。结果表明,三门湾表层沉积物中黏土矿物以伊利石为主,其次为高岭石和绿泥石,蒙脱石含量最低。其中,伊利石高值区位于海湾中部,高岭石和绿泥石高值区分布在港汊附近,蒙脱石则在近岸呈斑块状分布。三门湾现代表层沉积物主要来源于长江入海物质,海湾周边短源山溪性河流带来的物质仅影响了河口近岸区。     

近2.1 Ma以来帕里西维拉海盆黏土矿物输入变化及其对中更新世气候转型的响应

对帕里西维拉海盆PV090102孔2.1 Ma以来沉积物中黏土矿物的含量、特征参数和形貌特征进行了分析,结果表明,黏土矿物以伊利石(48%)和蒙皂石(34%)为主,绿泥石(13%)和高岭石(6%)含量较低。伊利石结晶度平均为0.29°△2θ,表明其形成于气候寒冷且水解作用弱的陆地源区;伊利石化学指数平均为0.32,表明该孔伊利石为富Fe-Mg伊利石,且经历了较强的物理风化。黏土矿物的组合特征和形貌特征表明,蒙皂石主要来源于周围火山岛弧,伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石主要来源于亚洲大陆风尘。在中更新世气候转型期,伊利石通量、绿泥石通量和高岭石通量均呈增加趋势,这与该孔总的风尘通量和风尘石英通量的变化趋势一致,且与亚洲大陆干旱化一致,表明其响应了中更新世气候转型期亚洲内陆的干旱变化,因而可以作为亚洲内陆干湿变化的示踪指标。此外,第四纪以来PV090102孔蒙皂石通量的变化与该孔火山物质通量的变化趋势具有很好的一致性,因而可以作为火山物质输入西菲律宾海的替代指标。     

台湾浅滩西部水域海洋动物的石油烃含量和荧光光谱特征

本文报道了台湾浅滩西部水域鱼类、虾类和软体头足类动物的总石油烃含量,分析了主3类动物样品的荧光光谱特征,并将本文数据与南海其他水域海洋动物的石油烃含量作了比较。     

Thorium isotopes as tracers of particles dynamics and deep water circulation in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (ANTARES IV)

Dissolved and particulate samples were collected to study the distribution of thorium isotopes (²³⁴Th, ²³²Th and ²³⁰Th) in the water column of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (from 42°S to 47°S and from 60°E to 66°E, north of the Polar Front) during Austral summer 1999. Vertical profiles of excess ²³⁰Th (²³⁰Th_xs) increases linearly with depth in surface water (0–100 m) and a model was applied to estimate a residence time relative to the thorium scavenging (τ_scav). Low τ_scav in the Polar Front Zone (PFZ) are found, compared to those estimated in the Subtropical Front Zone (STZ). Changes in particle composition between the PFZ and STZ could influence the ²³⁰Th_xs scavenging efficiency and explain this difference. An innovative coupling between ²³⁴Th and ²³⁰Th_xs was then used to simultaneously constrain the settling velocities of small (0.6–60 μm) and large (above 60 μm) particles. Although the different hydrological and biogeochemical regimes visited during the ANTARES IV cruise did not explain the spatial variation of sinking velocity estimates, our results indicate that less particles may reach the seafloor north (60 ± 2 m d^− 1, station 8) than south of the Agulhas Return Current (119 ± 23 and 130 ± 5 m d^− 1 at stations 3 and 7, respectively). This information is essential for understanding particle transport and by extension, carbon export. In the deep water column, the ²³⁰Th_xs concentrations did not increase linearly with depth, probably due to lateral transport of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) from the Atlantic to the Indian sector, which renews the deep waters and decreases the ²³⁰Th_xs concentrations. A specific ²³⁰Th_xs transport model is applied in the deep water column and allows us to assess a “travel time” of NADW ranging from 2 to 15 years.     

桑沟湾农药残留及贝毒对海洋环境质量影响和主要食用贝类健康风险评估

根据2009-04—2010-02隔月6个航次桑沟湾9个调查站位贝类养殖区有机氯(OCPs)、有机磷(OPPs)农药残留和麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的调查资料,分析了它们在该海域海水中、表层沉积物中和主要贝类(栉孔扇贝、太平洋牡蛎和菲律滨蛤仔)体内的含量水平,就农药残留及贝毒污染对海洋环境质量的影响进行综合评价和类别划分,并对主要食用贝类中农药残留和贝毒的暴露水平进行健康风险评估。结果表明,桑沟湾贝类养殖区海水质量、沉积物质量和养殖贝类质量水平范围为1~2级,平均分别为2级、1级和1级,养殖生态环境综合质量水平为2级;总体上,该海域海洋环境综合质量处于良好水平,贝类产区生态环境质量为1类区(清洁区)。即该海域农药残留及贝毒污染对海洋环境质量影响较小或无明显影响。另外,针对食用桑沟湾贝类水产品的消费人群进行了农药残留及贝毒污染的健康风险评估,结果表明调查人群食用贝类中OCPs中的HCHs和DDTs、OPPs中的马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷、PSP的日摄入量分别为0.75,2.11,0.19,0.09和1.22μg/(人·d),其摄入量低于ADI的推荐限值,因此桑沟湾主要食用贝类中农药残留及贝毒污染的健康风险处于安全范围。