广州市公众地理信息服务平台的设计与开发

论述了城市基础测绘部门开发公众地理信息平台的必要性和优势,分析并讨论了公共地理信息服务平台中的公众地理信息服务平台、基础地理信息服务平台和政务地理信息服务平台在数据内容、功能框架、网络体系、服务对象上的不同,以广州市公众地理信息服务平台的开发为例,详细介绍了该平台的数据内容、功能框架和系统特色,该平台对其他城市开发类似的公众地理信息服务平台具有一定的参考作用。     

“天绘一号”卫星测绘相机在轨几何定标

卫星在空间环境运转过程中, 测绘相机的几何参数会发生不可预估的变化, 从而对摄影测量定位精度和数据处理精度产生影响。因此, 所有测绘卫星都对星载相机的几何参数进行在轨定标, 监测相机几何参数在轨运行状态下的变化情况。本文着重介绍了“天绘一号”卫星在轨几何定标的内容和采用的方法。     

Crowdsourcing a cyclist perspective on suggested recreational paths in real-world networks

ABSTRACT

Routing and navigation services for leisure activities are conditioned by special needs and trade-offs. The advent of online communities and large crowdsourced datasets offers opportunities to improve the adoption of a user’s perspective in these suggested paths. This paper focuses on achieving two goals. First, the presented methodology analyses a dataset of 190,610 historical GPS traces to gain insights into the appreciation or attractiveness of each edge in a real-world network for a specific leisure activity (i.e. road cycling). Second, as literature on these leisure activities is still sparse, we want to create a thorough understanding of the activities at hand for future work. An appreciation model is proposed and the spread of this score is analyzed in shortest-path alternatives of popular routing engines for this activity. This analysis successfully discriminates these shortest paths based on the scoring value and three morphological parameters of the path. However, the robustness of the model should be improved to ensure the viability of the proposed approach in future work. More specifically, further research on the local optimality of the route choices will be imperative.     

Gewässergütebewertung und Bewertung von Abwasserfahnen in Rhein und Main auf der Basis mikrobieller Enzymaktivitäten

Quality Mapping of Surface Water and Assessment of Treated and Untreated Waste-water Inputs into the Rhine and Main River Based on Microbial Enzyme Activities Microbial enzyme activities are used for an extension of the traditional quality mapping of surface water. In the following study, the enzymatic parameters were proved and validated on samples from various creeks and rivers in Baden-Württemberg and on samples gathered from the Rhine and Main Rivers (Germany). The test parameters should also be used for the control and the preservation of the capacity of the biological self-purification, which is the only natural and essential process in drinking-water conditioning of surface water. Main subject of the surveys was the development of criteria for an assessment of the measured enzymatical inhibition effects. Therefore, classes of inhibition and indices of inhibition are defined.     

基于资源三号测绘卫星DSM的复杂地形水系提取精度分析——以云南省高海拔山区为例

针云南省楚雄地区为研究区域,采用1:25万水系数据为参照,基于资源三号测绘卫星DSM(ZY-3DSM)数据自动提取水系,并从河流分支点和水系因子两方面分析其精度,再与SRTM DEM提取的水系进行比较。结果表明:(1)从河流分支点来看,ZY-3 DSM提取的水系精度普遍高于SRTM DEM,在中海拔丘陵和中海拔台地上点位精度比后者高50%以上,在低海拔平原和中海拔平原上点位精度比后者高25%以上;(2)就水系长度和分级而言,ZY-3 DSM提取的水系总长度比SRTM DEM约长15%,一级和二级河流数目比后者多18%;(3)从水系密度和河网套合差来看,ZY-3 DSM提取水系与1:25万水系吻合度较好,水系密度相似度高于SRTM DEM约3倍,河网套合程度前者高于后者45%。总之,基于ZY-3 DSM提取的水系精度较高,完全符合测绘标准规范,且各方面均优于SRTM DEM提取的水系。     

一种简化视线向量修正的天绘一号卫星影像立体定位方法

根据天绘一号卫星三线阵传感器成像原理,构建了天绘一号卫星影像的严格成像模型。通过对卫星姿轨数据分析,提出利用一次线性函数拟合姿态数据,以抵消姿态数据中的高频和低频误差的影响;同时在视线向量修正模型的基础上提出了非指向角形式的简化视线向量修正模型,并分析了控制点个数及分布对定位精度的影响。实验表明,提出的简化视线向量修正模型可以达到视线向量修正模型同样的精度;在利用线性拟合后的姿态数据进行简化视线向量修正的立体定位时,4个地面控制点即可使X方向、Y方向和Z方向定位精度优于5 m。     

天绘一号三线阵相机在轨几何参数精化

为了找到适合天绘一号卫星三线阵相机在轨几何精化的模型和算法,首先分析了外方位线元素误差在几何参数精化中的影响,然后通过对定姿数据的预处理,消除了其中含有的高频噪声,并用正弦函数补偿了卫星平台飞行过程中的低频抖动,为三线阵相机每个镜头设计了姿态角常差模型。此外,根据传统的附加参数模型,构建了直接以像素坐标为观测值的内方位元素模型,并使用单侧有控外推的方式,确定最佳的精化模型参数组合及求解策略。试验表明,采用本文的精化方案,利用合理分布的控制点,天绘一号能达到平面精度约1 GSD,高程精度约0.8 GSD。     

Environmental controls on food web regimes: A fluvial perspective

Because food web regimes control the biomass of primary producers (e.g., plants or algae), intermediate consumers (e.g., invertebrates), and large top predators (tuna, killer whales), they are of societal as well as academic interest. Some controls over food web regimes may be internal, but many are mediated by conditions or fluxes over large spatial scales. To understand locally observed changes in food webs, we must learn more about how environmental gradients and boundaries affect the fluxes of energy, materials, or organisms through landscapes or seascapes that influence local species interactions. Marine biologists and oceanographers have overcome formidable challenges of fieldwork on the high seas to make remarkable progress towards this goal. In river drainage networks, we have opportunities to address similar questions at smaller spatial scales, in ecosystems with clear physical structure and organization. Despite these advantages, we still have much to learn about linkages between fluxes from watershed landscapes and local food webs in river networks. Longitudinal (downstream) gradients in productivity, disturbance regimes, and habitat structure exert strong effects on the organisms and energy sources of river food webs, but their effects on species interactions are just beginning to be explored. In fluid ecosystems with less obvious physical structure, like the open ocean, discerning features that control the movement of organisms and affect food web dynamics is even more challenging. In both habitats, new sensing, tracing and mapping technologies have revealed how landscape or seascape features (e.g., watershed divides, ocean fronts or circulation cells) channel, contain or concentrate organisms, energy and materials. Field experiments and direct in situ observations of basic natural history, however, remain as vital as ever in interpreting the responses of biota to these features. We need field data that quantify the many spatial and temporal scales of functional relationships that link environments, fluxes and food web interactions to understand how they will respond to intensifying anthropogenic forcing over the coming decades.     

Enhanced Acoustic Backscatter Due to High Abundance of Sand Dollars, Dendraster excentricus

Detailed acoustic surveys of benthic sediments were conducted in July 1995 and September 1998 in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, California. During these surveys, a band of enhanced acoustic backscatter was observed offshore from the bay entrance, approximately parallel to the isobaths, in water depths ranging from 16-24 m. In order to assess the cause of the increase in backscatter levels, a more comprehensive study was conducted in August and September 1999 using 100 kHz side-scan sonar, bottom grab sampling and underwater video recording. New observations indicated that a dense population of sand dollars ( Dendraster excentricus ) coincided with the enhanced backscatter band. Compared to the two previous acoustic studies, the central section of the band expanded westward by 180 m and the southern section of the band shifted eastward by 160 m, possibly resulting from a change in the biological or physical factors which influence the location and breadth of sand dollars. The relationship between high sand dollar abundance and enhanced acoustic backscatter was further verified in the nearshore region off Samoa Beach California, where a dense, banded population of sand dollars was previously observed. Video footage confirmed the presence of a band of sand dollars, also nominally parallel to the isobaths, in water depths of 8-15 m. A band of enhanced backscatter coincided with the dense sand dollar population. The identification of dense aggregations of sand dollars through enhanced acoustic backscatter could lead to the use of acoustic techniques to study sand dollar distributions and abundance.