风化淋滤带地质新理论-CaCO3淀积深度理论

根据黄土高原第四纪古土壤和风化带的广泛调查 ,发现了CaCO3 等化学成分的不连续淀积、厚层及多层淀积等特殊地质现象 ,结合CaCO3 含量分析与入渗实验资料 ,建立了风化淋滤带CaCO3 淀积深度新理论。该理论表明 ,CaCO3 迁移到淀积深度所需时间很短 ,可以忽略时间因素对它的影响 ,能够作为研究风化淋滤带的许多地质问题的较可靠依据。当CaCO3 淀积深度小于古土壤发育带厚度时 ,可确定土壤已向风化壳转变 ;当Ca CO3 淀积深度大于古土壤层厚度时 ,可确定土壤为淋溶型、中酸性土壤 ;当同一风化剖面中或同一层古土壤下部出现两层、三层或厚度异常大的CaCO3 淀积层时 ,指示当时出现了两个或两个以上成壤期和相应的气候变化     

中国北方农牧交错带与非洲萨哈尔地带全新世环境变迁的比较研究

中国北方农牧交错带和非洲萨哈尔带均为处在季风尾闾带的干旱向半湿润气候过渡的地带。通过对比分析 ,发现两个地带自然地理环境及其全新世以来的环境演变等具有很大程度的相似性 ;自全新世以来 ,两个地带均出现过几乎同步的 8个千年尺度的冷暖、干湿旋回 ;在近百年的干湿变化方面都有 10～ 2 0a变化周期 ;在少雨期和多雨期的转变过程中非洲萨哈尔带较中国北方农牧交错带提前 5a以上。这一超前信息的存在 ,为中国北方农牧交错带的气候预测提供了一个重要的前兆因素。     

Seismic evidence of small-scale lacustrine drifts in Lake Baikal (Russia)

High resolution, single-channel seismic sparker profiles across the Akademichesky Ridge, an intra-basin structural high in Lake Baikal (Russia), reveal the presence of small sediment mounds and intervening moats in the upper part of the sedimentary cover. Such features interrupt the generally uniform and even acoustic facies and are not consistent with the hemipelagic sedimentation, which is expected on such an isolated high and which would produce a uniform sediment drape over bottom irregularities. The influence of turbidity currents is excluded since the ridge is an isolated high elevated more than 600-1000 m above adjacent basins. The mounded seismic facies, including migrating sediment waves and non-depositional/erosional incisions, strongly suggest that sediment accumulation was controlled by bottom-current activity. We interpret the mounds as small-scale (< few tens of km² in area) lacustrine drifts. Four basic types of geometry are identified: 1) slope-plastered patch sheets; 2) patch drifts; 3) confined drifts; 4) fault-controlled drifts. The general asymmetry in the sedimentary cover of the ridge, showing thicker deposits on the NW flank, and the common location of patch drifts on the northeast side of small basement knolls indicate that deposition took preferentially place at the lee sides of obstacles in a current flowing northward or sub-parallel to the main contours. Deep-water circulation in the ridge area is not known in detail, but there are indications that relatively cold saline water masses are presently flowing out of the Central Basin and plunging into the deep parts of the North Basin across the ridge, a process that appears to be driven mainly by small differences in salinity. We infer that the process responsible for the observed bottom-current-controlled sedimentary features has to be sought in these large-scale water-mass movements and their past equivalents. The age of the onset of the bottom-current-controlled sedimentation, based on an average sedimentation rate of 4.0 cm/ky, is roughly estimated to be as least as old as 3.5 Ma, which is generally regarded as the age of the onset of the last major tectonic pulse of rift basin development in the Baikal region.     

逆断层区构造煤形成机制及分布规律的数值模拟

采用FLAC2D数值模拟分析软件,通过流变模型和摩尔库仑弹塑性模型转换技术,研究了在水平构造应力作用下,逆断层运动过程中断层区域塑性破坏区的分布及变化规律,进而揭示了逆断层区构造煤的形成机制和分布规律。结果表明,逆断层区域的塑性破坏区域在距离断层一定范围内分布,随着远离断层而减小,且断层上盘构造煤的发育程度和范围大于下盘。研究成果可为断层区域煤与瓦斯突出防治提供借鉴。     

中国北方砂栖纤毛虫的空间分布及其驱动因素

为深入了解不同地理尺度因素对驱动微型生物群落空间结构的相对影响,本研究于2020年10月调查了中国北方14个砂质潮间带的砂栖纤毛虫群落。研究结果如下：（1）检获纤毛虫105种,隶属26目65属,按丰度优势依次为帆口目、小胸目和环毛目;（2）黄海、渤海两区域的环境因子存在显著差异,但纤毛虫群落组成趋于相似;（3）偏Mental分析显示,环境条件较空间距离在纤毛虫群落组成的驱动中更为重要,其中盐度、粒度和海滩坡度是解释纤毛虫空间分布的最优环境因子组合,而潮差和溶解无机氮含量是次要影响因子;（4）沿海区域微型生物的强扩散效应在一定程度上掩盖了环境异质性影响。综上,由于沿海生态系统中微型生物受到更少扩散限制,在空间分布格局的形成上,环境条件的影响比空间距离更重要。本研究为海洋微型生物地理学提供了基础数据,有助于在全球变化背景下制定沙滩管理和保护规划。     

北疆阿巴宫-库尔提断裂带显微组构的运动学和动力学分析

研究了阿尔泰地区NW走向高角度冲断构造中主干的阿巴宫—库尔提断裂带。详细研究了断裂构造岩的变形构造和组构及其所显示的运动学和动力学特征。结果表明:存在早、晚更替且性质不同的变形显微构造。早期以糜棱岩中的韧性变形构造为主,发育有递进变形的不对称构造(压力影、旋转变斑晶、S—C构造等),是断裂中剪切变形运动指向的主要判据。晚期为脆性破裂构造,与早期变形组构具继承、叠加关系。研究了石英光轴的组构形式,证实存在:早期共轴纯剪变形的小圆环带组构和非共轴简单剪切变形中,呈递变关系的点极密—大圆环带—交叉大圆环带组构型式。对变形构造和组构所作的运动学和动力学分析结果表明:阿—库断裂带的形成和变形历史为:①地壳早期NE挤压收缩环境,形成劈理化带;②在持续NE向挤压作用下,大规模剪切、逆冲叠置,和地壳加厚,产生重熔岩浆和流体再分配效应,促使糜棱岩带形成和发展;③晚期地壳NE向挤压下,以垂直差异抬升和大量碎裂岩化高角度逆冲断裂的继承、叠加为特征。在区域大地构造的关系上:①、②对应于地槽褶皱、封闭的地槽体制(海西期),③对应于地洼体制(后海西期)。     

浑河断裂带(抚顺段)近期活动性与地质灾害的关系

通过对浑河断裂带（抚顺段）的地质调查、人工地震勘查、断裂绝对年龄测定、跨断裂形变测量等资料的综合分析与研究,讨论了断裂构造的近期活动特征,并据此认为浑河断裂自晚更新世以来若非人类工程活动扰动是没有活动的,现今的断裂活化效应是由于大量的人类采煤活动造成的。由于断裂的活化效应破坏了抚顺煤田及其周围区域原始构造应力场的平衡状态,为达到新的平衡必然导致应力的重新集中与释放,在此过程中伴随产生了抚顺煤田广泛发育的滑坡、地面沉陷、矿震、地裂缝等地质灾害。     

Fishers' perceptions as indicators of the performance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

How users perceive the performance of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is fundamental for the social acceptance of these zones. Moreover, their perceptions may be relevant for monitoring the effects of MPAs on extractive activities. This study analyzes artisanal fishers' perceptions of the performance of a north-western Mediterranean coastal MPA, which encompasses two no-take zones (NTZs). Three viewpoints have been considered: the effect on the personal activity of fishers, the effect on the local fishery and the effect on the ecosystem. In order to test the hypothesis that biomass export (spillover) - which had previously been evidenced from the two NTZs - may influence fishers' perceptions of NTZ effects, fishers' perceptions were compared with both declared and observed fishing activity over an one-year period.The results show that negative perceptions of NTZs are either nil or are negligible. Most fishers are aware of the beneficial effects of NTZs on ecosystems and fisheries. However, they remain to be convinced of the beneficial effects of the NTZs on their own activity. For instance, the proximity of a NTZ appears never to be involved in the choice of a fishing spot. This partial lack of correspondence between scientific expectation and fishers' perceptions is discussed in the light of fishing habits in the zone adjacent to NTZs, and takes into account fishing grounds, targeted species and seniority (defined as the number of years the fisher has been fishing within the MPA). All three factors appear to influence fishers' perceptions. For example, having a positive perception about a NTZ and spending more time fishing in the adjacent zone are habits that can be associated with fishers with less seniority. Fishers' perceptions obviously indicate the social acceptance of the MPA and are an essential monitoring tool for MPA managers. However, perceptions cannot be seen as a substitute for scientific monitoring, as both approaches are clearly complementary.     

安宁河断裂带勒帕沟泥石流发育特征及防治建议

2011年6月17日,勒帕沟发生近50年来最大的一次泥石流,经计算泥石流断面平均流速为2.03 m/s,峰值流量为200.11 m3/s,为大型泥石流,对帕勒村村民生命财产造成了巨大危害。勒帕沟上游岸坡前缘不稳定斜坡体及勒帕沟沟道内松散堆积的卵砾石为勒帕沟泥石流的主要物源。上游支沟中碎屑物块度较小,易被水流冲走,不会形成堰塞湖和溃决型泥石流。勒帕沟流域现今仍有再次暴发泥石流的可能,建议于流域中上游进行人工植树造林,在下游清理河道,进行监测预警,以实现泥石流综合防治。