Grain to outcrop-scale frozen moments of dynamic magma mixJing in the syenite magma chamber,Yelagiri Alkaline Complex,South India

Magma mixing process is unusual in the petrogenesis of felsic rocks associated with alkaline complex worldwide. Here we present a rare example of magma mixing in syenite from the Yelagiri Alkaline Complex, South India. Yelagiri syenite is a reversely zoned massif with shoshonitic (Na₂O + K₂O=5–10 wt.%, Na₂O/K₂O = 0.5–2, TiO₂ <0.7 wt.%) and metaluminous character. Systematic modal variation of plagioclase (An_11–16 Ab_82–88), K-feldspar (Or_27–95 Ab_5–61), diopside (En_34–40Fs_11–18Wo_46–49), biotite, and Ca-amphibole (edenite) build up three syenite facies within it and imply the role of in-situ fractional crystallization (FC). Evidences such as (1) disequilibrium micro-textures in feldspars, (2) microgranular mafic enclaves (MME) and (3) synplutonic dykes signify mixing of shoshonitic mafic magma (MgO = 4–5 wt.%, SiO₂ = 54–59 wt.%, K₂O/Na₂O = 0.4–0.9) with syenite. Molecular-scale mixing of mafic magma resulted disequilibrium growth of feldspars in syenite. Physical entity of mafic magma preserved as MME due to high thermal-rheological contrast with syenite magma show various hybridization through chemical exchange, mechanical dilution enhanced by chaotic advection and phenocryst migration. In synplutonic dykes, disaggregation and mixing of mafic magma was confined within the conduit of injection. Major-oxides mass balance test quantified that approximately 0.6 portions of mafic magma had interacted with most evolved syenite magma and generated most hybridized MME and dyke samples. It is unique that all the rock types (syenite, MME and synplutonic dykes) share similar shoshonitic and metaluminous character; mineral chemistry, REE content, coherent geochemical variation in Harker diagram suggest that mixing of magma between similar composition. Outcrop-scale features of crystal accumulation and flow fabrics also significant along with MME and synplutonic dykes in syenite suggesting that Yelagiri syenite magma chamber had evolved through multiple physical processes like convection, shear flow, crystal accumulation and magma mixing.     

Magmatic process recorded in plagioclase at the Baogutu reduced porphyry Cu deposit,western Junggar,NW-China

Despite the fact that porphyry Cu deposits contain large amounts of Cu in one or more small stocks, few studies have discussed evidence for significant magma recharge in porphyry Cu deposits. A systematic elemental and Sr isotopic study of plagioclase crystals from mineralized diorite and granodiorite porphyry constrains the processes of crystallization and magma recharge at the Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit, western Junggar, NW-China. Large compositional changes in An (12–24 mol%) are observed along with strong positive correlations between An and FeO. Significant resorption textures are also preserved in plagioclase crystals as well as repeated oscillatory zoning in An and FeO, and complex Sr isotope variations. Three types of crystals with different core-to-rim Sr isotope variations are recognized. Type I crystals have core-to-rim increases in (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i that could be explained by diffusion. For example, Sr isotope variations recorded in BCK2-1-2 crystal could be generated by diffusion with simulated maximum crystal residence times of 100–500 years with the proximate value of ∼300 years. Type II crystals with different variation trends in (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i on opposite sides of the core could be produced either by multi-stage crystallization or by analytical uncertainty. Whereas, type III crystals with complex core-to-rim variations in (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i, may record repeated magma recharge events. All these results suggest repeated recharging of the magma chamber by hotter, more mafic and less radiogenic Sr isotope melts. Therefore, more mafic melt injection recorded in plagioclase profiles may provide significant metal contributions to the magma chamber, which ultimately results in Cu mineralization at the Baogutu reduced porphyry copper deposit.     

山阳-柞水矿集区李家砭Ti-Fe矿床成矿构造背景研究

李家砭Ti-Fe矿床位于南秦岭山阳-柞水矿集区内南侧山阳-凤镇构造混杂带内,主要表现为钛磁铁矿和钛铁矿化,含矿围岩为堆晶辉长岩。矿物组合特征及结构分析表明,该矿床为典型的岩浆分异型矿床。矿物成分和岩石地球化学分析结果共同表明李家砭杂岩体具有岛弧钙碱性和大洋板内玄武岩双重岩浆性质。辉长岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,李家砭辉长岩和Ti-Fe矿床形成于621±6Ma,其中所含有的继承性锆石来自新元古代晚期岛弧中酸性岩浆岩,以上特征表明李家砭Ti-Fe矿床形成于新元古代晚期弧后盆地构造背景下。     

云南宁洱-通关火山区最上地壳地热场:构造和岩浆活动意义

思茅中生代红层盆地中央的宁洱和通关两地在第四纪均发生过小规模的玄武岩浆喷发,喷发渣锥至今清晰可见,而同属于该盆地中央的思茅-普洱地震区百年来6级地震密集发生。思茅盆地中央断裂发育,新构造隆升显著,壳幔速度和电性结构意味着该地区现今仍有可能存在着岩浆活动。然而,对宁洱-通关火山区目前到底有无壳内岩浆房和岩浆活动,以及岩浆活动与思普地震带地震活动的关系仍知之甚少。利用该地区的温泉资料和水化学分析数据,我们对宁洱-通关火山区及邻区范围内的36个温泉的热储温度进行了估算,得到了36个点的热储温度数据,通过克里金插值方法获得了宁洱-通关火山区的热储温度空间分布。结果发现:在宁洱火山和通关火山附近存在2个热储温度在220℃以上的温度场高值异常区。综合考虑我们的地热场结果、前人的速度和电性结构等深部探测资料,我们认为:宁洱-通关火山区现今仍存在2个岩浆房,第1个岩浆房位于宁洱县城一带,第2个岩浆房位于墨江通关火山区附近;但宁洱火山和通关火山已不在现今岩浆房的正上方,各反向错开约18km,由此推断把边江断裂(F2)为右旋错动,其中更新世以来的右旋错动速率为18mm/y;宁洱地区频繁而密集的中强地震活动与深部岩浆活动及其产生的深源流体活动密切相关。岩浆的存在使上部地壳与下伏地壳充分解耦并产生应力集中,深源流体活动则有利于断层发生错动。     

A thermodynamic model of high temperature lava vaporization on Io

We modified the MAGMA chemical equilibrium code developed by Fegley and Cameron (1987, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 207-222) and used it to model vaporization of high temperature silicate lavas on Io. The MAGMA code computes chemical equilibria in a melt, between melt and its equilibrium vapor, and in the gas phase. The good agreement of MAGMA code results with experimental data and with other computer codes is demonstrated. The temperature-dependent pressure and composition of vapor in equilibrium with lava is calculated from 1700 to 2400 K for 109 different silicate lavas in the ONaKFeSiMgCaAlTi system. Results for five lavas (tholeiitic basalt, alkali basalt, Barberton komatiite, dunite, and a molten type B1 Ca, Al-rich inclusion) are discussed in detail. The effects of continuous fractional vaporization on chemistry of these lavas and their equilibrium vapor are presented. The predicted abundances (relative to Na) of K, Fe, Si, Al, Ca, and Ti in the vapor equilibrated with lavas at 1900 K are lower than published upper limits for Io's atmosphere (which do not include Mg). We predict evaporative loss of alkalis, Fe, and Si during volcanic eruptions. Sodium is more volatile than K, and the Na/K ratio in the gas is decreased by fractional vaporization. This process can match Io's atmospheric Na/K ratio of 10±3 reported by Brown (2001, Icarus 151, 190-195). Silicon monoxide is an abundant species in the vapor above lavas. Spectroscopic searches are recommended for SiO at IR and mm wavelengths. Reactions of metallic vapors with S- and Cl-bearing volcanic gases may form other unusual gases including MgCl₂, MgS, MgCl, FeCl₂, FeS, FeCl, and SiS.     

年轻火山岩的定年:进展与问题

年轻火山岩定年对人类的起源与进化、地质年表建立、古环境演化、火山灾害、岩浆演化及地球动力学等研究非常重要。由于年轻样品放射性成因子体积累较少、大气氩含量高,微量的过剩氩极难识别,使得年轻火山岩及其沉积地层高精度定年一直是地质年代学中最具挑战性的课题之一。过去几年,年轻火山岩定年在技术上的进展主要体现在定年精度和准确度不断提升,尤其是利用新型多接收稀有气体质谱对单颗粒样品进行逐步升温~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年,是方法学上最重要的进展之一。本文总结了年轻火山岩~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar定年的现状、影响因素和相关定年技术及应用,以引起大家的关注和思考,共同提高我国年轻火山岩定年的技术水平。利用新型多接收质谱和创新的实验方法,通过对全球重要火山喷发事件和年轻国际标准样的研究,广泛开展实验室间的对比是提高国内~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学水平并在年轻火山岩定年中取得突破的重要途径,也是当前~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年代学研究的重要方向。     

岩浆热场与热液多金属成矿作用

岩浆热场指的是很短时间内一个局部地区出现的岩浆活动使该区域地热梯度明显上升,形成局部区域的瞬间热场。热场的规模通常很小,离岩体约几米至几千米。范围、规模和形状与侵入体的温度、成分、形态、大小、侵入深度以及流体、构造、围岩性质等有关。岩浆热场最重要的意义在于它是流体赖以上升的场所。岩浆热场不同于地热场的一个重要区别是,岩浆热场往往伴有流体的活动,是流体循环、上升、汲取地壳中有用金属元素的场所。文中讨论了岩浆热场与热液多金属成矿之间的关系,讨论了岩浆热场在岩浆热液矿床、热泉型矿床、热水沉积矿床以及变质热液矿床成矿过程中的作用。岩浆热场对于热液多金属成矿作用的影响是非常明显的,它从一个新的角度解释了成矿为什么是多金属、多成因、多来源等问题。文中强调指出,岩浆热场说解释了为什么大规模岩浆活动与大规模成矿作用密切相关,指出大规模岩浆活动产生的热效应不是1+1=2,而是1+12的效果。即它可以在一个局部范围内把岩浆热场从一个开放体系变为封闭体系,在这个封闭体系内,固岩可以达到更高的温度,热可以持续更长的时间,促进热场范围内流体的对流循环,使流体可以从围岩中汲取尽可能多的有用金属元素,起到单个岩浆无法比拟的效果。许多大型一超大型的多金属矿床即可能与这种作用有关。从热场说角度来看,大规模岩浆活动的成矿潜力几乎是无可限量的。文中还讨论了岩浆热场说的原理及应用中存在的问题,指出岩浆热场说与成矿的关系非常值得关注,它也许可以改变目前对成矿作用的某些固有认识,开拓出一个新领域。     

Comment on " Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kīlauea volcano" by P. T. Delaney and D. F. McTigue

 In volcanoes that store a significant quantity of magma within a subsurface summit reservoir, such as Kīlauea, bulk compression of stored magma is an important mode of deformation. Accumulation of magma is also accompanied by crustal deformation, usually manifested at the surface as uplift. These two modes of deformation – bulk compression of resident magma and deformation of the volcanic edifice – act in concert to accommodate the volume of newly added magma. During deflation, the processes reverse and reservoir magma undergoes bulk decompression, the chamber contracts, and the ground surface subsides. Because magma compression plays a role in creating subsurface volume to accommodate magma, magma budget estimates that are derived from surface uplift observations without consideration of magma compression will underestimate actual magma volume changes. Received: 30 September 1998 / Accepted: 27 July 1999     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区基性岩墙群几何学与岩浆超压估算

新疆库鲁克塔格地区发育大量密集的岩墙群,反映了该区所经历的岩浆活动及地壳伸展事件。本文基于多源遥感影像(Landsat 7 ETM+、SPOT、CORONA KH-4B、QuickBird2)共提取了区内2284条岩墙,在此基础上进行几何学分析和岩浆超压估算。这些岩墙主要侵入新元古代侵入岩及前寒武系沉积岩和变质岩。走向以NW向(300°~320°)为主,同时存在NE向(40°~70°)和近东西向岩墙。岩墙单体长90m~22.8km,平均4.3km,呈对数正态分布。垂直岩墙走向,沿NE60°方向取4条剖面计算地壳伸展率,由北至南分别为4.22%、1.83%、2.60%和7.40%。根据岩墙纵横比(长度/厚度),计算获得岩墙侵位时岩浆超压为7.9MPa(E=10GPa)~23.7MPa(E=30GPa)。该区同时出露新元古代和二叠纪岩墙群,其空间分布与花岗岩有密切关联,为多种构造背景的产物,且经历了多期构造叠加和改造。     

佳木斯地块东北缘早二叠世六连岩体的岩浆混合成因：岩相学、年代学和地球化学证据

本文报道了佳木斯地块东北缘六连岩体中主岩花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素资料,以确定该岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及其构造属性。主岩花岗闪长岩和暗色微粒包体中角闪辉长岩分别获得了284Ma 和278Ma 的成岩年龄,表明六连岩体形成于早二叠世而非前人认为的晚印支期。包体具有岩浆结构,部分包体存在塑性流变特征,包体中可见淬冷边、反向脉和针状磷灰石,包体和主岩中均发育矿物异常共生或不平衡结构,结合主岩和包体的年代学和地球化学特征可以判定六连岩体为早二叠世岩浆混合作用的产物。全岩地球化学和锆石Hf同位素特征揭示出,六连岩体中主岩和包体的原始岩浆分别起源于新元古代增生的深部陆壳基性火成岩和受俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔楔的部分熔融。结合同时代火成岩组合的空间变异特征以及区域构造演化历史,认为佳木斯地块东北缘早二叠世六连岩体形成于活动大陆边缘环境,其地球动力学机制与佳木斯地块东侧古洋板块的西向俯冲作用有关。