银川盆地构造发展——深地震反射剖面揭示浅部地质与深部构造的联系

横跨银川盆地北西西向的深地震反射剖面,清晰揭示了银川盆地边界断裂以及整个地壳的结构构造特征,这对研究具活动大陆裂谷性质的银川盆地浅-深构造关系具有重大的意义。贺兰山东麓山前断裂、黄河断裂作为银川盆地的西、东边界断裂,前者为一条缓倾斜、延伸至上、下地壳边界的犁式断裂,而后者则为一条切穿地壳并延伸进入上地幔的深大断裂。根据深地震反射剖面揭示的地壳结构特征,银川盆地浅部结构并非前人认为的"堑中堑"结构,而是表现为由一系列东倾犁式正断层控制的新生代断陷。略微下凹的Moho面几何形态以及厚2~3.2 km的层状强反射带为下地壳最显著的反射特征。Moho面深度与强反射带厚度变化趋势与银川盆地沉积厚度变化趋势几乎一致。本文认为,强反射带的成因可能是由源自地幔的基性岩浆以岩席状的形式底侵进入地壳底部造成的,而这部分形成强反射带的物质可能补偿了因银川盆地断陷而造成的地壳减薄,最终导致银川盆地之下Moho面并未像之前所认为的那样隆起。     

Millennial timescale resolution of rhyolite magma recharge at Tarawera volcano: insights from quartz chemistry and melt inclusions

Most rhyolite eruption episodes of Tarawera volcano have emitted several physiochemically distinct magma batches (∼1–10 km³). These episodes were separated on a millennial timescale. The magma batches were relatively homogeneous in temperature and composition at pumice scale (>4 cm), but experienced isolated crystallisation histories. At the sub-cm scale, matrix glasses have trace element compositions (Sr, Ba, Rb) that vary by factors up to 2.5, indicating incomplete mixing of separate melts. Some quartz-hosted melt inclusions are depleted in compatible trace elements (Sr, Ti, Ba) compared to enclosing matrix glasses. This could reflect re-melting of felsic crystals deeper in the crystal pile. Individual quartz crystals display a variety of cathodoluminescence brightness and Ti zoning patterns including rapid changes in melt chemistry and/or temperature (∼50–100°C), and point to multi-cycle crystallisation histories. The Tarawera magma system consisted of a crystal-rich mass containing waxing and waning melt pockets that were periodically recharged by silicic melts driven by basaltic intrusion. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

西准噶尔地区乌散岩体成因：来自年代学、岩石学和地球化学的证据

西准噶尔地区广泛发育古生代中酸性侵入岩,部分岩体中含有暗色微粒包体,这些岩浆岩的年代学、地球化学研究对于西准噶尔地区的岩浆混合作用机制及其区域构造演化的研究具有重要意义。乌散岩体位于西准噶尔中部,岩体包含寄主岩石石英二长岩及暗色包体石英角闪二长岩。石英二长岩中锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄为280.0±3.8Ma,表明其成岩时代应为早二叠世。里特曼指数δ为3.27~3.36,寄主岩石属于高钾钙碱性岩石系列。岩石中Rb、Th、K、La、Ce、P、Zr、Hf相对富集,Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti相对亏损,轻重稀土元素分馏明显。在Y+Nb-Rb、Y-Nb构造环境判别图解中,乌散岩体石英二长岩落入板内花岗岩投点范围内,显示具有后碰撞花岗岩的特征。由于该岩体成岩年龄明显晚于该地区蛇绿岩、岛弧火山岩以及含矿斑岩体年龄,而与后碰撞伸展环境中形成的A型花岗岩和双峰式火山岩的形成年龄相近,证明此时该地区大洋可能已经闭合,因此地球化学和区域构造特征指示乌散岩体可能形成于后碰撞构造环境。乌散岩体中暗色微粒包体广泛发育,寄主岩石与包体相互包裹,多为截然接触关系。钾长石斑晶横跨寄主岩石及包体,包体中发育的针状磷灰石,表现出岩浆混合的岩相学特征,寄主岩石与包体中不同矿物的SiO_2含量与其他主量元素含量呈良好的线性关系,表现出较好的亲缘关系,说明两者的矿物成分变化与岩浆混合有关。     

Contrasting magmatic structures between small plutons and batholiths emplaced at shallow crustal level (Sierras de Córdoba,Argentina)

Processes like injection, magma flow and differentiation and influence of the regional strain field are here described and contrasted to shed light on their role in the formation of small plutons and large batholiths their magmatic structures. The final geometric and compositional arrangement of magma bodies are a complex record of their construction and internal flow history. Magma injection, flow and differentiation, as well as regional stresses, all control the internal nature of magma bodies. Large magma bodies emplaced at shallow crustal levels result from the intrusion of multiple magma batches that interact in a variety of ways, depending on internal and external dynamics, and where the early magmatic, growth-related structures are commonly overprinted by subsequent history. In contrast, small plutons emplaced in the brittle-ductile transition more likely preserve growth-related structures, having a relatively simple cooling history and limited internal magma flow. Outcrop-scale magmatic structures in both cases record a rich set of complementary information that can help elucidate their evolution. Large and small granitic bodies of the Sierra Pampeanas preserve excellent exposures of magmatic structures that formed as magmas stepped through different rheological states during pluton growth and solidification. These structures reveal not only the flow pattern inside magma chambers, but also the rheological evolution of magmas in response to temperature evolution.     

冀东青龙地区中生代花岗岩的岩石成因和地质意义

冀东青龙地区中生代发育多期花岗质岩浆活动。本文系统报道了青龙地区三叠纪都山花岗岩和侏罗纪白家店花岗岩及其镁铁质微粒包体(MMEs)的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成。锆石SIMS U-Pb定年结果显示,都山花岗岩的结晶年龄为215.7±2.3Ma,指示了晚三叠世岩浆活动;而白家店花岗岩及其包体的结晶年龄分别为170.5±2.0Ma和172.4±2.0Ma,指示了中侏罗世岩浆活动。都山花岗岩以低含量的MgO、Fe_2O_3~T、Cr和Ni,高(La/Yb)_N、Sr/Y比值及低Yb和Y含量,低的初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值(0.7042~0.7044)、极负的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-19.8~-14.4),很负的ε_(Hf)(t)值(-17.6~-13.0,除了2个较大值-5.6和-8.6)和接近晚太古代的Hf模式年龄,显示出主要来源于晚太古代下地壳重熔,可能有少量幔源物质加入。综合的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素数据(白家店花岗岩:(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.7051~0.7065,ε_(Nd)(t)=-13.4~-10.8,ε_(Hf)(t)=-11.8~-8.2;MMEs:(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.7059~0.7062,ε_(Nd)(t)=-11.1~-7.0,ε_(Hf)(t)=-3.7~+3.4),表明了白家店花岗岩和MMEs为亏损地幔来源的镁铁质岩浆和下地壳来源的长英质岩浆通过混合形成。从晚三叠世都山花岗岩到中侏罗世白家店花岗岩,它们成因的明显差异,揭示了地幔角色的转换(从只提供热量几乎不提供物质到既提供能量又提供物质),暗示华北东部岩石圈在这一时期可能发生一次重要减薄。     

岩浆混合作用的类型、标志、机制、模式及其与成矿的关系——以新疆北部为例

新疆北部广泛发育具有岩浆混合特征的岩体,岩体类型主要有钙碱性花岗岩、碱长花岗岩和碱性花岗岩,其中以第一类最为发育;岩体中的暗色包体类型以闪长质为主,成分可从闪长岩、石英闪长岩、石英二长闪长岩,过渡到花岗闪长岩,部分地区可发育辉长质、安山玄武质、安山玢岩质包体;有些地区还发育有岩浆混合岩.该区岩浆混合作用主要形成于四个大地构造演化阶段,即D3-C1交界的洋-陆俯冲期、C1末-C2初的碰撞期、C2-P的后碰撞期和T1的板内期.岩浆混合作用的判别标志有岩体宏观标志(近等轴状)、野外宏观标志(暗色微粒包体发育,有时可见岩浆混合岩)、显微标志(淬冷和矿物不平衡结构)、岩石地球化学标志(线性过渡特征)、年龄(一致)标志等.该区的岩浆混合作用是多级次的,其深部岩浆源区的混合表现为壳幔相互混合作用;混合作用表现出多阶段性,以基性岩浆注入到酸性岩浆为主要方式,由物理混合到化学混合渐变过渡.该区岩浆混合作用与斑岩铜钼金矿床密切相关,其成矿关系模式可概括为:基性岩浆与花岗质岩浆混合产生混合岩浆,经过进一步分异演化形成了含矿岩浆;与岩浆混合作用有关的斑岩铜钼矿的找矿标志为:岩浆混合作用强烈的大岩体内或附近晚期补充侵入的小型斑岩体具有找矿潜力.     

钦-杭结合带斑岩型铜矿的基本地质特征及成因分析

钦-杭结合带是重要的斑岩铜矿带.斑岩铜矿在北、中、南三段均有产出,主成岩成矿年龄主要集中燕山期.钦-杭结合带与成矿有关的斑岩主要为钙碱性岩浆系列的中酸性岩,岩石类型主要为花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩和次英安斑岩等,具有与新元古代岛弧火成岩类似微量元素特征.它们来源于软流圈的岩浆与中下地壳物质混合后部分熔融的结果,与受到过早期俯冲作用影响的岩石圈地幔有关,存在壳幔混染现象.钦-杭结合带燕山期的斑岩铜矿成岩成矿的动力学背景与太平洋板块俯冲关系密切,但斑岩和铜矿体在地球化学特征上显示出的具有弧岩浆作用特点,这与华南地区中生代构造转折事件发生以前的地质演化有关.钦-杭结合带的中酸性斑岩体来自于元古代岛弧底部玄武质岩石(下地壳)在中生代时期的部分熔融,本质上该类矿床带有岛孤俯冲环境的特征遗传.     

Genetic classification of magmatic rocks from the Alvand plutonic complex,Hamedan, western Iran,based on zircon crystal morphology

The Alvand plutonic complex consists of gabbroic and felsic rocks, the latter can be divided into (1) porphyritic, fine-grained and mylonitic granites and (2) leucocratic granitoids. We investigated the external zircon morphology and their internal structures from all major granitoids of the pluton employing the classic Pupin method supplemented by electron microscope analyses. Zircons of gabbroic rocks are free of visible cores or inclusions and are commonly characterized by {1 0 1} pyramids and {1 0 0} prisms and show mainly zircon types P₅ and D typical for mantel-derived rocks. The zircon population from the porphyritic granite is characterized by the predominance of the pyramidal {2 1 1} and prism {1 1 0} forms and mainly composed of the subtypes S₁, S₂, S₆ and S₇ typical for peraluminous granites of crustal origin. Melt inclusions, recrystallization patches and low-CL intensity rims are typical features in these grains. Zircons from the fine-grained granites are characterized by the predominance of the pyramidal {2 1 1} and the prism face {1 1 0} and by a preponderance of the subtypes S₃, S₄, S₇ and especially S₁₂ and occasionally S₂, L₂, L₃ and L₄, typical for aluminous monzogranites and granodiorites of crustal origin. Some grains have pre-magmatic inherited domains with overgrow rims. The mylonitized granites contain zircons with {1 0 1} pyramids and {1 1 0} prisms and include subtypes G₁, P₁, P₂, S₅ whereas P₃, S₄, L₅ are rarely present, typical for I-type granites. Metamictization, radial cracks and partial overgrowths are prevalent in these zircons. Zircons from the leucocratic granitoids have well-developed magmatic oscillatory zonation and pre-magmatic zircon cores. They are characterized by {1 0 1} pyramids and {1 1 0} prisms and are mainly composed of subtypes L₅, S₅, S₁₀ and rarely P₁, P₂, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₇, G₁ typical for hybrid calc-alkaline granites.     

Rock interface strength influences fluid-filled fracture propagation pathways in the crust

Rock interface strengths have often been assumed to be zero in numerical and analogue models of fracture propagation and magma intrusion in the crust. Rock strength tests were performed to explore the role that rock interfaces have on the geometry and propagation dynamics of fluid-filled fractures in the crust. We used a 1 kN test machine to study 5 mm thick cuboidal specimens cut from a sandstone-siltstone rock core, where the strata were known to host magma intrusions and the rock interface between the units was intact. By measuring the load required to grow a crack running along the lithological contact between the layers we calculate its fracture toughness K_c. The siltstone had an average K_c of 0.56 ± 0.03 MPa m^1/2 compared to the sandstone at 0.42 ± 0.02 MPa m^1/2. The rock interface had intermediate average fracture toughness to the parent units at 0.45 ± 0.03 MPa m^1/2. These results have important implications on fracture propagation pathways through rocks, as well as for the geometry and propagation dynamics of magma intrusions in the crust.     

藏北聂荣地区早侏罗世末期的岩浆混合作用及构造意义

藏北聂荣岩体的岩浆源区性质和岩石成因还未能得到很好约束,直接限制了对班公湖-怒江缝合带早侏罗世构造岩浆演化历史的认识。为探讨这一问题,本文报道了聂荣岩体中的花岗质岩石及其闪长质包体的岩石学、全岩主量元素和微量元素地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素分析结果。一件闪长质包体样品的锆石U-Pb年龄为175.0±1.3Ma,与其寄主花岗岩类样品的年龄(174.5±1.4Ma,175.9±0.4Ma)同期。聂荣岩体中～175Ma的寄主岩石均属于偏铝质到过铝质(A/CNK=1.04～1.16)钾玄岩系列的花岗闪长岩到碱性花岗岩,标准刚玉分子数为0.6%～2.1%,包括I型和S型两种成因类型,富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素和Pb,锆石εHf(t)值为-9.8～-3.7,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为1.45～1.84Ga,主要来源于成熟地壳物质的重熔;闪长质包体在成分上主要属偏铝质钾玄岩系列的二长闪长岩,锆石εHf(t)值变化范围大(-10.3～-1.2),Hf同位素亏损地幔模式年龄介于0.87～1.22Ga,其来源可能与古老岩石圈地幔物质的部分熔融有关。聂荣地区在早侏罗世末期很可能发生了来源于成熟地壳物质深熔或重熔的熔体(占大比例)和岩石圈地幔来源的幔源岩浆之间的混合作用,混合过程中幔源组分的输入使S型熔体向I型熔体转化。在～175Ma侵位的聂荣岩体很可能是这种由岩浆混合作用形成的母岩浆再经历一定程度的分离结晶作用形成的。结合碎屑锆石研究成果,本文暂时主张聂荣岩体可能是与由班公湖-怒江洋壳北向俯冲所引起的聂荣微陆块和羌塘地体间碰撞相关的产物,这可能指示班公湖-怒江洋壳沿聂荣微陆块南侧的分支,在侏罗纪早期既发生了南向俯冲(俯冲于拉萨地体之下),又发生了北向俯冲(俯冲于羌塘地体之下)等地球动力学过程。