Analytical models for bubble growth during decompression of high viscosity magmas

Analytical models for decompressional bubble growth in a viscous magma are developed to establish the influence of high magma viscosity on vesiculation and to assess the time-scales on which bubbles respond to decompression. Instantaneous decompression of individual bubbles, analogous to a sudden release of pressure (e.g. sector collapse), is considered for two end-member cases. The infinite melt model considers the growth of an isolated bubble before significant bubble interaction occurs. The shell model considers the growth of a bubble surrounded by a thin shell and is analogous to bubble growth in a highly vesicular magmatic foam. Results from the shell model show that magmas less viscous than 10⁹ Pa s can freely expand without developing strong overpressures. The timescales for pressure re-equilibration are shortened by increased ratios of bubble radius to shell thickness and by larger decompression. Time-scales for isolated bubbles in rhyolitic melts (infinite melt model) are significantly longer, implying that such bubbles could experience internal pressures greater than the ambient pressure for at least a few hours following a sudden release of pressure. The shell model is developed to assess bubble growth during the linear decompression of a magma body of constant viscosity. For the range of decompression rates and viscosities associated with actual volcanic eruptions, bubble growth continues at approximately the equilibrium rate, with no attendant excess of internal pressure. The results imply that viscosity does not have any significant role in preventing the explosive expansion of high viscosity foams. However, for viscosities of >10⁹ Pa s there is the potential for a viscosity quench under the extreme decompression rates of an explosive eruption. It is proposed that the typical vesicularities of pumice of 0.7–0.8 are a consequence of the viscosity of the degassing magmas becoming sufficiently high to inhibit bubble expansion over the characteristic time-scale of eruption. For fully degassed silicic lavas with viscosities in the range 10¹⁰ to 10¹² Pa s time-scales for decompression of isolated bubbles can be hours to many months.     

Sub-volcanic crystallization at Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) preceding the Sciara del Fuoco sector collapse: evidence from monzonite lithic suite

 We describe texture, mineralogy and whole-rock composition of cognate monzonite sub-volcanic clasts within debris flow deposits related to the 5000 years catastrophic phreatomagmatic eruption probably linked to the Sciara del Fuoco sector collapse. The debris flows are at the top of accretionary lapilli-rich ash deposits overlying potassic (KS, shoshonites) lavas of the Neostromboli period. The monzonites are inferred to be crystallized in situ, at low P, at the side walls and/or roof margins of a shallow magma chamber and to be cogenetic with the KS Neostromboli extrusives. They can be considered "ideal orthocumulates" since they approximately retain a bulk liquid composition and possibly represent "slowly cooled equivalents" of their KS shoshonite host rock. The "closure temperature" of final solidification of the monzonite lithic suite was estimated through ternary-feldspar geothermobarometry, plagioclase–K-feldspar and K-feldspar–biotite equilibria and is in the range of 750–790  °C with a maximum –logfO₂ around 15.1–15.3. The estimated pressure of crystallization is <0.5 kbar. Potassic lavas and dikes, previously emplaced during the Neostromboli period, also resemble the monzonites in both major trace elements and mineral chemistry. The cogenetic relationship between KS Neostromboli extrusives and the monzonite host-rock magma from which the sub-volcanic clasts were derived is clear evidence that a shallow magma chamber existed between the caldera collapse of the Vancori period and the Sciara del Fuoco sector collapse (i.e. between 13 000 and 5000 years). The monzonite clasts were derived from crystallization at very shallow depth (ca. 1 km) and strongly support the hypothesis of violent decompression of the shallow magmatic plumbing system during the Sciara del Fuoco sector collapse. Climax of the regressive landslide event, with maximum disruption of the chamber walls, took place during emplacement of the debris flows, i.e. during the late stage of the Neostromboli phreatomagmatic eruption. Received: 15 September 1996 / Accepted: 5 May 1997     

存在初始“传导盖层”的月球岩浆洋演化与月壳成因

月球早期经历了岩浆洋阶段,岩浆洋的研究对认识月球内部构造有着重要意义。月球岩浆洋演化主导模型认为:岩浆洋结晶到80%左右,斜长石开始结晶,并上浮形成斜长岩月壳。该模型与观察事实存在两点矛盾:1)基于该模型计算结晶的斜长石An牌号比高地样品斜长石An牌号测试结果低;2)该模型散热速率计算指示岩浆洋在几个百万年时间内固化,而同位素体系对月球岩石样品定年结果表明月壳的结晶年龄十分古老,并且结晶区间跨越了270Myr,这与主导模型之间存在矛盾。以解决以上两点矛盾为目的,本文论证岩浆洋在演化之初硕部存在冷却"盖层",并将硅酸盐熔体在温度梯度下的热扩散效应引入岩浆洋演化模型。热扩散效应指均一的物质在温度梯度下发生分异的过程。本文工作模型是:由于月球的重力常数小,不能有效的保持大气,因此月球的岩浆洋表面温度很低。此时岩浆洋自上而下存在一个过渡的瞬态固化"盖层"(淬火层),岩浆洋自上而下存在温度梯度,岩浆洋在该梯度下发生热扩散效应(Soret效应),Soret效应导致上部结晶斜长石的熔体富Ca和贫Na,因此结晶的斜长石An牌号高。     

腾冲地块晚白垩世-古近纪富锡花岗岩成因:岩浆源区及分异演化条件SCIEI北大核心CSCD

腾冲地块锡成矿作用主要与晚白垩世-古近纪岩浆活动相关,但仅矿区花岗岩体具有较高的锡含量(平均25×10^(-6)),区域上同时代的非成矿花岗岩体并未发生锡的富集。本文通过搜集分析现有研究数据,总结了富锡成矿岩体和区域非成矿岩体在岩浆源区、演化条件和结晶分异程度的异同:区域非成矿岩体锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值(-15.1~+3.39)表明,自东北向西南幔源物质加入有升高的趋势,但区域玄武岩中低含量的Sn(1.61×10^(-6))表明幔源物质混入不利于岩浆中锡的富集。晚白垩世部分非成矿岩体与成矿岩体具有相同ε_(Hf)(t)(-9.7)值,表明其皆源于古老地壳物质的部分熔融,但岩体均表现为准铝质-弱过铝质特征,且锆石Hf同位素(t_(DM2)=1724Ma)和全岩Nd同位素(t_(DM2)=1836Ma)二阶段模式年龄基本一致,因此其源区可能并非富锡的高黎贡山群变质沉积岩,而可能是其中未经风化的变质花岗岩。根据腾冲地块地层厚度(28km)和莫霍面深度(47~35km)推断岩浆源区至少位于地下30km(8.4kbar),由于仅靠地温梯度(25℃/km)无法达到初始熔融温度(>1066℃),源区部分熔融过程很可能受地幔热的影响。根据Fe_(2)O_(3)/FeO比值,非成矿岩体(0.59)与成矿岩体(0.48)均具有较低的氧逸度,属钛铁矿系列,但成矿岩体的结晶分异程度明显高于非成矿岩体,且成矿岩体富含挥发分,高含量的挥发分降低了岩浆固结温度(650~550℃),延长了结晶分异时间,促进了锡在晚期岩浆中的富集。因此腾冲地块富锡花岗岩主要是普通岩浆在低氧逸度环境下发生高度结晶分异的结果。     

Zircon U-Pb ages,geochemistry, and Sr-Nd isotope ratios for early cretaceous magmatic rocks,southern Saqqez,northwestern Iran

Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SaSZ) is one of the most dynamic structural zones of Iran, which is divided into three main parts: Northern, Central and Southern. The northern SaSZ has been affected by deformation due to fault activities near the Zagros suture zone, and mylonitic structures have overprinted these rocks and was affected by three episodes of magma injection during the Permian-Carboniferous, Early Cretaceous and Cenozoic. In this study, the rock units investigated that have been considered Precambrian-Paleozoic basement on geological maps. This paper considers zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock chemistry and Sr-Nd isotope ratios of Cretaceous magmatic rocks in the N-SaSZ to develop a new geodynamic model for the evolution of these magmatic rocks. The new zircon U-Pb ages obtained in this study show that the magmatic rocks crystallized at 115–107 Ma in the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) and are much younger than the supposed ages presented on geological maps. This complex classified into two main groups of basic-intermediate and acidic rocks based on SiO₂ contents. The whole-rock chemistry of the basaltic and andesitic rocks, which are interbedded with marine shallow-water sedimentary deposits, shows their typical calc-alkaline affinity and subordinate tholeiitic series on an active margin. The positive ε_Nd(t) of approximately +4 for some undifferentiated basalts with negative Ti and Nb anomalies shows the relation of these rocks to calc-alkaline magmatism and was generated by the partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Granitoid rocks with some affinity to the peraluminous group with a negative ε_Nd(t) value (-3.2) mainly and negative Ti and Nb anomalies plot in an active margin tectonic setting. Simultaneous mafic calc-alkaline volcanism and the generation of granitic intrusions in the Early Cretaceous could have occurred on an active margin. Due to the absence of Jurassic arc related magmatic rocks in northern SaSZ and presence of Cretaceous calc alkaline magmatic activity, which are not observed in the central SaSZ, support the idea that the subduction of the Neotethys beneath the northern SaSZ started in the Early Cretaceous.     

Genesis of the Late Archean granitoids of the northern part of the Dharwar foreland (Dharwar Craton), south India – Insights from field,crystal size distribution,thermobarometry, microgeochemical and bulk-rock geochemical studies

An intrusive granitoid pluton into TTG-Dharwar Supergroup greenstone sequence is being reported for the first time from the Dharwar Foreland region. Based on field and petrographic characteristics, these granitoids are classified as - quartz-monzodiorites and granites. Occasional mafic bodies of dioritic-granodioritic composition with size ranging from small microgranular magmatic enclaves to bodies of several centimeters are common in these granitoids.The granitoids are devoid of any crystal-plastic fabric as well as high-strain characteristics. The textural (CSD) studies indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites are derived from magma mixing whereas the granites are derived from equilibrium crystallization of the magma derived from the reworking of quartz-monzodiorites. The P-T estimates indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites were crystallized at higher temperature (>950 °C) and pressure (3.09–4.36 kbar) conditions in a reducing environment at mid-crustal levels. However, the granites indicate lower temperature (<750 °C) and pressure (0.89–1.88 kbar) conditions of crystallization in an oxidizing environment at shallow-crustal levels. The bulk rock chemical characteristics indicate that the quartz-monzodiorites were derived from the melt generated by the mixing of two melts - a melt derived from the differentiation of sanukitoids senso lato (s.l.) and a melt derived from the partial melting of TTG. On the other hand, reworking of the hot crystallizing quartz-monzodiorite due to its rapid upliftment to shallow crustal levels resulted in a decompression melting which gave rise to granitic melts.The relative age of the Dharwad granitoids is estimated to be ∼2580–2560 Ma and unlike the other older granitoids (> 2.61 Ga) reported from the northern part of the Shimoga greenstone belt, the studied granitoids marks the final stage of cratonization in the Foreland region.     

南天山川乌鲁碱性杂岩体的岩石学和地球化学特征及其岩石成因

位于中国南天山西侧阔克萨彦岭一带的川乌鲁碱性杂岩体,与该区川乌鲁铜金多金属矿床有着直接的成因联系,该杂岩体由早期的辉长岩—闪长岩岩、主期的二长岩—正长岩和晚期的正长花岗斑岩脉组成,各期岩石在矿物组成和化学成分上有明显的变化。从早到晚,SiO2含量增加,变化范围是50.52%～70.64%;全碱含量先增后减,在SiO2含量小于61.69%时,随SiO2含量增加而增加,而当SiO2含量大于61.69%时,与SiO2含量负相关。在AR-SiO2图解上,大多样品落入碱性区间,在A/CNK-A/NK图解上表现出由准铝质向过碱性演化的趋势。微量元素表现为大离子亲石元素相对高场强元素富集,Rb、Ba、Th、Sr等元素的相对富集和Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素的负异常。稀土元素表现为轻稀土相对富集的特征,其(La/Yb)N为14.13～25.09,具有Eu的正异常或极微弱的Eu负异常。一些元素比值的线性关系暗示了该杂岩体为岩浆混合成因,基性岩浆的源区为富水的岩石圈地幔,而酸性岩浆是中下地壳中性火成岩在含饱和水条件下部分熔融的产物。这些性质指示川乌鲁杂岩体是在后碰撞拉张环境中由岩石圈地幔熔融的基性岩浆的底侵作用导致地壳的熔融以及后期的岩浆混合作用有关。     

西藏冈底斯仁布-拉萨一带花岗岩基的地球化学及其意义

冈底斯岩基记录了特提斯洋壳俯冲消减过渡到印度与亚洲大陆碰撞的深部过程,可以反演壳幔相互作用和高原地壳加厚的历史。本文对冈底斯岩基中段的仁布岩体和拉萨岩体进行了系统的元素、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年与Hf同位素研究。本文测年结果为82～45Ma,仁布岩体和拉萨岩体年龄为晚白垩纪到早第三纪。岩石为含有辉长质和闪长质包体的中酸性花岗岩类,岩石类型复杂。岩石富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,稀土元素总量较低,具有高场强元素的负异常;Sr-Nd-Pb同位素成分表明新特提斯洋地幔端元的较大贡献,岩石具有亏损的Nd同位素和年轻的地幔模式年龄(εNd=-1.5～3.3,tDM=0.5～1.2)和较大变化范围的正的锆石Hf同位素成分(6个ε单位),表明岩石源区中亏损地幔占有较大贡献,冈底斯岩基显示初生地壳特征。本文进一步揭示出,冈底斯岩基中段存在岩浆底侵与岩浆混合作用,大规模的幔源基性岩浆底侵,不仅导致之后经过岩浆混合形成的花岗岩岩基具有初生陆壳成分,同时也是导致冈底斯南部地壳垂向加厚与增生的重要因素。     

新疆西准噶尔罕哲尕能Cu-Au矿床的锆石U-Pb年代学和岩石地球化学特征:对源区和成矿构造背景的指示

位于准噶尔西北缘萨吾尔地区的罕哲尕能Cu-Au矿床是新近发现的斑岩型矿床,具有很好的找矿前景。矿区岩浆活动早期以闪长岩为主,晚期以花岗闪长岩和二长花岗斑岩为主。钻孔中所见似斑状石英二长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为343.6±5.7Ma~345.3±8.3Ma;二长花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为334.9±7.3Ma~336.4±7.5Ma,表明西准萨吾尔地区早石炭世存在一期重要的岩浆-热液Cu-Au成矿事件。花岗闪长岩、石英二长岩、闪长玢岩、闪长岩和二长花岗斑岩的主量元素具有一致的演化趋势,表明它们可能是同一岩浆演化的产物。富集大离子亲石元素(LILE:如Rb、Ba、K、Sr)和活泼的不相容元素(如:U、Th),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE:如Nb、Ta、Ti),显示具有岛弧岩浆的地球化学特征。87Sr/86Sri比值在0.7033~0.7037之间,143Nd/144Nd比值在0.512538~0.512579之间,εNd(t)在+6.7~+7.5之间,显示源区具有类似亏损地幔的特征;而且具有年轻的Nd两阶段模式年龄为488~553Ma,这些特征表明罕哲尕能矿区岩石的岩浆源区可能来源于亏损地幔分异的新生玄武质下地壳。罕哲尕能Cu-Au矿床的形成时代明显早于该区域A型花岗岩的形成时代(290~300Ma左右),结合岩石微量元素特征反映其形成于岛弧构造背景,萨吾尔山具有寻找斑岩Cu-Au矿的成矿条件。     

胶东西北部北截岩体岩石成因:锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素制约

胶东半岛西北部是我国最重要的金矿集区,95%以上的金资源储量赋存于晚侏罗世玲珑型和早白垩世郭家岭型花岗岩中。然而,对郭家岭型花岗岩形成的大地构造背景及其与金成矿的关系,尤其是岩石成因仍存有争议。本文通过对归属于郭家岭型花岗岩的北截岩体开展详细的岩相学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Sr-Nd-Pb地球化学研究,识别出细粒花岗闪长岩、含斑细粒花岗闪长岩、斑状中粒花岗闪长岩、斑状粗粒花岗闪长岩和花岗伟晶岩脉5种侵入岩类型,它们具有相似的地球化学特征和同位素组成,呈连续演化关系,为同一期岩浆活动的产物。电子探针分析显示,样品中的黑云母具有富FeO~T、MgO、高Al_2O3低TiO_2的特点,为岩浆成因的富铁黑云母,Mg和Al元素的负相关性表明结晶过程中二者可能发生了置换。岩石地球化学研究表明,花岗闪长岩具有高的全碱(K_2O+Na_20=6.92%～9.31%)、Ba(518×10~(-6)～3330×10~(-6))、Sr(305×10~(-6)～1371×10~(-6)),低的Al_2O_3(14.41%～15.82%)、MgO(0.19%～0.77%)、Rb(39.3×10~(-6)～105×10~(-6))、Y(1.2×10~(-6)～6.05×10~(-6))、Yb(0.08×10~(-6)～0.40×10~(-6))含量特征,轻稀土(LREE)富集、重稀土(HREE)相对亏损(LREE/HREE=13.13-21.40),轻、重稀土元素分馏明显[(La/Yb) N=18.39～45.76],Rb、Sr、Ba、Pb等大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,Nd、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素(HFSE)明显亏损,具有高Ba-Sr花岗岩的地球化学特征。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,斑状粗粒花岗闪长岩形成于131.53±0.86Ma,花岗伟晶岩脉形成于127.4±1.3Ma,说明其形成于早白垩世早期,伟晶岩脉应该是本次岩浆活动后期的产物。Sr-Nd同位素分析表明,初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(I_(Sr))和ε_(Nd)(t)分别为0.710658-0.711568和-18.53～-11.17,二阶段亏损地幔模式年龄(t_(DM2))为2107-2425Ma,与胶东群变质岩年龄一致,指示了其原始岩浆有部分熔融的胶东群参与;Pb同位素分析表明,初始~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb和初始~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb分别为17.047～17.945和37.744～38.389,说明有大量的下地壳物质参与成岩。上述数据分析表明,北截岩体是基底岩石胶东群变质岩部分熔融形成的下地壳酸性岩浆与幔源基性岩浆混合作用的结果,太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲构造背景下的软流圈物质上涌和下地壳的部分熔融可能是形成这套花岗岩的机制,是板块俯冲产生的欧亚板块边缘火山弧的组成部分;在区域金成矿方面,其为金成矿提供了有利的赋存空间,而应该不是成矿流体来源或热动力条件。