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21.
峨眉山玄武岩的地幔热柱成因   总被引:32,自引:4,他引:32  
根据峨眉山玄武岩的岩石组合、岩相学特征将峨眉火成岩省分为盐源-丽江岩区、攀西岩区、贵州高原岩区和松潘-甘孜岩区。通过对研究区二叠世的区域地质背景和古地理环境的分析,对峨眉山玄武岩喷发与地幔热柱的关系及其火山喷发的大地构造背景进行了进一步系统归纳和总结。根据地层学关系大致确定峨眉山玄武岩的主喷发期是阳新世(中二叠)晚期-乐平世(晚二叠)早期,时限大致为259Ma-257Ma。峨眉山玄武岩微量元素地幔标准化曲线特征与OIB基本一致,反映出其成因与地幔热柱活动有密不可分的关系。  相似文献   
22.
成矿作用研究表明 ,在地球的演化历史中 ,成矿数量有从少到多 ,聚矿能力有由弱到强的演化趋势。中生代为全球规模的成矿大爆发阶段 ,究其原因可能与地球的发展演化密切相关。地球形成的早期 ,由于地球物质尚未充分分异 ,成矿强度不大。当然 ,有部分在地球演化早期形成的矿床 ,在后来的多次构造改造过程中被改造迁移 ,甚至消失。中生代地球进入了一个强烈的地幔热柱活动时期 ,聚集于D”层及外核的成矿物质可通过地幔热柱多级演化向上迁移 ,并在幔枝构造的有利构造扩容带中成矿 ,幔枝构造则成为中生代主要的成矿控矿构造类型  相似文献   
23.
The origin of the Baikal rift zone (BRZ) has been debated between the advocates of passive and active rifting since the 1970s. A re-assessment of the relevant geological and geophysical data from Russian and international literature questions the concept of broad asthenospheric upwelling beneath the rift zone that has been the cornerstone of many “active rifting” models. Results of a large number of early and recent studies favour the role of far-field forces in the opening and development of the BRZ. This study emphasises the data obtained through studies of peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths brought to the surface by alkali basaltic magmas in southern Siberia and central Mongolia. These xenoliths are direct samples of the upper mantle in the vicinity of the BRZ. Of particular importance are suites of garnet-bearing xenoliths that have been used to construct PT- composition lithospheric cross-sections in the region for the depth range of 35–80 km.Xenolith studies have shown fundamental differences in the composition and thermal regime between the lithospheric mantle beneath the ancient Siberian platform (sampled by kimberlites) and beneath younger mobile belts south of the platform. The uppermost mantle in southern Siberia and central Mongolia is much hotter at similar levels than the mantle in the Siberian craton and also has significantly higher contents of ‘basaltic’ major elements (Ca, Al, Na) and iron, higher Fe/Si and Fe/Mg. The combination of the moderately high geothermal gradient and the fertile compositions in the off-cratonic mantle appears to be a determining factor controlling differences in sub-Moho seismic velocities relative to the Siberian craton. Chemical and isotopic compositions of the off-cratonic xenoliths indicate small-scale and regional mantle heterogeneities attributed to various partial melting and enrichment events, consistent with long-term evolution in the lithospheric mantle. Age estimates of mantle events based on Os–Sr–Nd isotopic data can be correlated with major regional stages of crustal formation and may indicate long-term crust–mantle coupling. The ratios of 143/144Nd in many LREE-depleted xenoliths are higher than those in MORB or OIB source regions and are not consistent with a recent origin from asthenospheric mantle.Mantle xenoliths nearest to the rift basins (30–50 km south of southern Lake Baikal) show no unequivocal evidence for strong heating, unusual stress and deformation, solid state flow, magmatic activity or partial melting that could be indicative of an asthenospheric intrusion right below the Moho. Comparisons between xenoliths from older and younger volcanic rocks east of Lake Baikal, together with observations on phase transformations and mineral zoning in individual xenoliths, have indicated recent heating in portions of the lithospheric mantle that may be related to localised magmatic activity or small-scale ascent of deep mantle material. Overall, the petrographic, PT, chemical and isotopic constraints from mantle xenoliths appear to be consistent with recent geophysical studies, which found no evidence for a large-scale asthenospheric upwarp beneath the rift, and lend support to passive rifting mechanism for the BRZ.  相似文献   
24.
Mineral deposits are unevenly distributed in the Earth's crust, which is closely related to the formation and evolution of the Earth. In the early history of the Earth, controlled by the gravitational contraction and thermal expansion, lighter elements, such as radioactive, halogen-family, rare and rare earth elements and alkali metals, migrated upwards; whereas heavier elements, such as iron-family and platinum-family elements, base metals and noble metals, had a tendency of sinking to the Earth's core, so that the elements iron, nickel, gold and silver are mainly concentrated in the Earth's core. However, during the formation of the stratified structure of the Earth, the existence of temperature, pressure and viscosity differences inside and outside the Earth resulted in vertical material movement manifested mainly by cascaded evolution of mantle plumes in the Earth. The stratifications and vertical movement of the Earth were interdependent and constituted the motive force of the mantle-core movement.  相似文献   
25.
将辽宁地区划分为4个幔枝构造:山海关幔枝、辽东南幔枝、建平-阜新幔枝、西丰幔枝,文章分述了它们各自组成与构造特点,并举例说明了辽宁幔枝构造通过其三个次级构造单元对成矿的控制规律.  相似文献   
26.
保山卧牛寺组玄武岩为低钛拉斑玄武岩,具有大陆板内玄武岩的特征,总体与蛾眉山玄武岩中的低钛玄武岩相似。其分异程度较高,富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,有明显的Nb、Ta负异常,Zr和Hf正异常,Eu无异常或弱负异常。该玄武岩由3个大喷发旋回形成3个岩石单元,其中下部早期第1单元由致密块状玄武岩、斜斑玄武岩、杏仁玄武岩和凝灰岩组成,第2和第3单元中见少量橄榄玄武岩和粒玄岩以及辉绿岩脉。有较高的^86Sr/^87Sr值(0.705966—0.706657)、较低的^143Nd/^144Nd值(0.512212—0.512283),εNd(t)多为负值,源区为介于EMI和EMⅡ端员之间的富集岩石圈地幔。上述地球化学和同位素特征均可与蛾眉山玄武岩下部低钛拉斑玄武岩对比,表明该期岩浆作用可能同为地幔柱活动的产物,并暗示蛾眉山大火成岩省向西有很大的延伸。  相似文献   
27.
分布于哀牢山-红河断裂带西南侧的金坪上二叠统玄武岩属于低钛拉斑玄武岩(LT)(Ti/Y<500)。其地球化学特征总体与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)相似,根据其岩相学、主量元素,微量元素特征,将其划分为LT1和LT2两个地球化学亚类型,它们的分布和主要地球化学标志为:LT1分布于下部,高Mg^#(48-63),SiO2(50%-56%),高∑REE(118-145μg/g)、低Fe2O3(1.36%-1.63%),Na2O(1.88%-3.17%),TiO2(1.37%-1.92%),高Th、U,低Nb,Ta和Sr负异常;LT2分布于上部,低SiO2(47%-56%),Sr强负异常,二者地球化学特征的差异是同一母岩浆经不同的分离结晶和同化混染作用的结果,金平与宾川峨眉山的化学地层学对比表明,金平LT1和LT2玄武岩与宾川峨眉山玄武岩下部的LT1、LT2十分相似,它们可能是同时,或在类似的环境下形成,金平玄武岩属于峨眉山大火山岩省的一部分,同为峨眉地幔柱早期活动的产物。新生代哀牢山-红河断裂的左滑剪运动导致了宾川与金平玄武岩的错位。  相似文献   
28.
We present a three-dimensional (3D) SV-wave velocity model of the upper mantle beneath the Antarctic plate constrained by fundamental and higher mode Rayleigh waves recorded at regional distances. The good agreement between our results and previous surface wave studies in the uppermost 200 km of the mantle confirms that despite strong differences in data processing, modern surface wave tomographic techniques allow to produce consistent velocity models, even at regional scale. At greater depths the higher mode information present in our data set allows us to improve the resolution compared to previous regional surface wave studies in Antarctica that were all restricted to the analysis of the fundamental mode. This paper is therefore mostly devoted to the discussion of the deeper part of the model. Our seismic model displays broad domains of anomalously low seismic velocities in the asthenosphere. Moreover, we show that some of these broad, low-velocity regions can be more deeply rooted. The most remarkable new features of our model are vertical low-velocity structures extending from the asthenosphere down to the transition zone beneath the volcanic region of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica and a portion of the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge close to the Balleny Islands hotspot. A deep low-velocity anomaly may also exist beneath the Ross Sea hotspot. These vertical structures cannot be explained by vertical smearing of shallow seismic anomalies and synthetic tests show that they are compatible with a structure narrower than 200 km which would have been horizontally smoothed by the tomographic inversion. These deep low-velocity anomalies may favor the existence of several distinct mantle plumes, instead of a large single one, as the origin of volcanism in and around West Antarctica. These hypothetical deep plumes could feed large regions of low seismic velocities in the asthenosphere.  相似文献   
29.
冀北地区金矿床He、Ar、Pb同位素组成及其成矿物质来源   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
成矿物质来源一直是成矿理论研究和找矿实践的焦点问题。选择了冀北地区3个幔枝构造金矿集中区11个金矿床黄铁矿及部分围岩进行了He、Ar同位素测定。研究表明,冀北地区主要金矿的3He/4He的值域为(0.93~7.30)×10-6,平均3.55×10-6;R/Ra=0.66~4.93,平均2.53;40Ar/36Ar=426~2073,40Ar平均为8.20×10-7cm3/g,4He/40Ar平均为2.17。矿区外围片麻岩和花岗岩的3He/4He值仅为(0.001~0.55)×10-6,反映来源上有明显差别。3He和4He在He同位素浓度图上落于地幔区附近。64个Pb同位素数据表现为矿质以幔源为主,确有部分壳源物质加入。研究认为,本区成矿物质应源于地球深部,随地幔柱多级演化,深部成矿流体由地球深部迁移到浅部,期间不可避免地存在壳幔流体的混合作用,故其值域往往界于地幔和地壳之间。  相似文献   
30.
攀西裂谷存在吗?   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
大陆裂谷以地幔上隆、岩石圈伸展、减薄、断陷和沉降为特征,伸展构造环境是大陆裂谷形成的必要条件和本质特征。中国学者以前所认为攀枝花-西昌裂谷的主要标志是海西期层状堆晶杂岩、晚二叠世峨眉山玄武岩、印支期环状碱性杂岩和晚三叠世裂谷盆地沉积。最近一系列研究成果表明攀西地区海西期-印支期构造岩浆热事件是地幔柱和岩石圈相互作用的结果,不是裂谷作用的产物。进一步对上扬子西缘二叠纪-三叠纪的沉积作用和构造特征综合分析表明攀西地区不存在裂谷盆地沉积。该区晚二叠世-中三叠世为古陆隆起遭受剥蚀,晚三叠世断陷型类磨拉石建造是前陆走滑复合盆地的产物。本文根据对攀西地区二叠纪-三叠纪的岩浆活动、沉积作用、构造特征和地球物理资料等方面综合研究对攀西裂谷的存在提出质疑,并以峨眉山地幔柱活动为主线探讨了攀西地区古生代和中生代的地质构造演化历史。  相似文献   
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