Lead isotope evolution of the Central European upper mantle:Constraints from the Bohemian Massif

The Pb isotope composition of the upper mantle beneath Central Europe is heterogeneous due to the subduction of regionally contrasting material during the Variscan and Alpine orogenies.Late Variscan to Cenozoic mantlederived melts allow mapping this heterogeneity on a regional scale for the last ca.340 Myr.Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic anorogenic magmatic rocks of the Bohemian Massif(lamprophyres,volcanic rocks of basanite/tephrite and trachyte/phonolite series) concentrate mostly in the Eger Rift.Cretaceous ultramafic lamprophyres yielded the most radiogenic Pb isotope signatures reflecting a maximum contribution from metasomatised lithospheric mantle,whereas Tertiary alkaline lamprophyres originated from mantle with less radiogenic ~(206)Pb/~(204)b ratios suggesting a more substantial modification of lithospheric source by interaction with asthenosphericderived melts.Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the basanite/tephrite and trachyte/phonolite series define a linear mixing trend between these components,indicating dilution of the initial lithospheric mantle signature by upwelling asthenosphere during rifting.The Pb isotope composition of Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic magmatic rocks of the Bohemian Massif follows the same Pb growth curve as Variscan orogenic lamprophyres and lamproites that formed during the collision between Laurussia,Gondwana,and associated terranes.This implies that the crustal Pb signature in the post-Variscan mantle is repeatedly sampled by younger anorogenic melts.Most Cenozoic mantle-derived rocks of Central Europe show similar Pb isotope ranges as the Bohemian Massif.     

阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带及周边地区地幔过渡带结构研究

利用国家测震台网固定台站和"中国地震科学台阵探测"项目在南北地震带北段布设的宽频带流动台阵记录到的极远震事件,通过SS前驱波震相研究,获得了阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带东段及邻区下方410 km和660 km间断面的埋深和起伏形态特征.为增强对SS前驱波震相的识别,我们采用了时差校正和共反射点叠加分析.叠加结果显示,毗邻阿留申俯冲带的白令海、阿拉斯加半岛、以及阿拉斯加中南部和东部地区下方,410 km和660 km间断面的埋深基本呈正相关关系,因而具有正常的过渡带厚度.这表明在阿留申—阿拉斯加俯冲带东段,北太平洋板块还没有俯冲到地幔过渡带深度范围内.其次,在阿拉斯加西部地区下方,660 km间断面出现明显下沉,而上覆的410 km间断面埋深接近于全球平均值,从而导致过渡带明显加厚.据此,我们推测在阿拉斯加西部地区下方地幔过渡带底部可能存在库拉残留板块.     

Flat mantle reflectors in Eastern China: possible evidence of lithospheric thinning

Recent 24 s deep seismic reflection records revealed five flat reflectors in the lithospheric mantle in Eastern China. With increasing depth, they are named M1 to M5 and can be seen on both field single-shot and stacked records. Reflector M1 corresponds to the Moho discontinuity, whereas M5 may be the reflection from the bottom of the current lithosphere, which is about 78 km deep according to geothermal measurements. The other three reflectors seem peculiar and might result from interactions between the lithosphere and deeper mantle. Based on lithological and geochemical data, it is suggested that the lithosphere has been thinned from about 150 km to about 60 km in the Late Mesozoic, and then has been thickened to about 78 km during the Cenozoic. The thinning process produced a granulite layer in the old lower crust caused by magmatic underplating, whereas an eclogite layer formed beneath owing to the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys and Yangtze Craton during the Permian and Early Mesozoic. Reflector M2 at about 12 s two-way traveltime (TWT) might result from the Paleozoic Moho, which represents the boundary between the previous granulite and eclogite facies. Reflector M3 at about 14 s might correspond to the bottom of the eclogite layer, beneath which the old lithospheric mantle remained. The old and the newly developed mantle may have different compositions, resulting in reflector M4. The multi-layered mantle reflectors demonstrate a mantle structure that possibly correlates with the lithospheric thinning process that occurred in Eastern China during the Late Mesozoic. The discovery of multi-layered mantle reflectors in the studied areas indicates a high heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Reflection seismology with improved technology, together with velocity and resistivity imaging and rock-physics measurements, can provide more details of the heterogeneity and related dynamic processes that occurred in the lithospheric mantle.     

冈底斯岩浆弧东端石榴斜长角闪岩的晚白垩世岩浆与变质作用记录及构造意义

冈底斯岩浆弧位于青藏高原拉萨地体南部,形成在新特提斯洋向北俯冲的安第斯型造山和印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的喜马拉雅型造山过程中,是研究青藏高原中-新生代构造演化的理想地区。本文对冈底斯岩浆弧东端石榴斜长角闪岩进行了岩石学、相平衡模拟以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究。石榴斜长角闪岩主要由石榴石、角闪石、斜长石、绿帘石、白云母和石英组成,含少量金红石和钛铁矿,具有基性岩浆岩的化学成分。相平衡模拟结果表明,石榴斜长角闪岩经历了高压麻粒岩相变质作用和部分熔融,峰期变质作用的温度和压力条件为～820℃和～1.67GPa,形成深度相当于55km。石榴斜长角闪岩中的锆石具有继承的岩浆核和变质边。锆石岩浆核具有条带状环带,相对高的HREE含量(平均值为1150×10~(-6))和高的Th/U比值(0.51～0.95),给出了90.4±1.7Ma(MSWD=0.32)的原岩结晶年龄。锆石的变质边不具环带,具有较低的HREE含量(平均值为58.5×10~(-6))和低的Th/U比值(0.29～0.40),给出了86.7±5.7Ma(MSWD=0.15)的变质年龄。本文研究结果表明,冈底斯岩浆弧东端晚白垩世辉长岩经历了近侵入同期的高压高温变质作用和部分熔融,大体积幔源岩浆的底垫和增生导致岩浆弧发生了显著的新生地壳生长和加厚。     

基于分项系数法的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

针对基于有限元法的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析问题,根据工程实际中软弱结构面上的抗剪断摩擦系数和凝聚力变异性不同的特点,在计算中引入滑动面上抗剪断强度参数的分项系数,提出了一种新的应用于重力坝抗滑稳定的有限元计算方法--分项系数有限元法。该方法基于可靠度思想,以达到用极限承载状态时的强度储备系数或超载系数来表征大坝安全度。在已有研究成果的基础上,从坝基渐进破坏过程和破坏机理的角度进一步探讨了非线性有限元法应用于深层抗滑分析应注意的几个关键问题,以及基于分项系数法的深层抗滑稳定分析的安全系数控制标准。研究结果表明,滑动面上的应力分布性态和坝基岩体变形特性对抗滑稳定安全系数有重要影响。与常规刚体极限平衡方法的控制标准相比,分项系数有限元方法可以采用偏低一点的安全系数标准。     

日本海沟俯冲带热结构与深源地震

本文利用有限差分方法,计算了全地幔对流模式和双层地幔对流模式下日本海沟俯冲带热结构、浮力及P波速度异常分布,基于亚稳态橄榄石相变模型推测亚稳态橄榄石的存在范围,同时分析了热传导系数、热膨胀系数和热源对俯冲带热结构的影响,以及俯冲带所受浮力与俯冲带形态的关系.结果表明,双层地幔对流模式下模拟的P波速度异常分布与层析成像结果更为相符,也与深源地震的分布有较好的相关性.板块内部亚稳态橄榄石的存在范围随热传导系数和热膨胀系数的减小而增大,同时忽略相变潜热和剪切生热的影响也会造成模型所预测的亚稳态橄榄石范围偏大.俯冲带所受负浮力在400 km深度附近达到最大值,亚稳态橄榄石的存在使负浮力逐渐减小,甚至在板块内部产生正浮力,不利于俯冲带穿透660 km相变界面.     

西藏班公湖岛弧带含硫化镍超基性岩的源区性质与基底背景

青藏高原班公湖一怒江成矿带上的超基性岩型硫化镍矿化是近年来在西藏地区发现的矿化新类型.文章根据成矿带西段班公湖地区含镍超基性岩体的岩石地球化学和Sr、Pb同位素分析结果,论述了含镍超基性岩浆的源区性质及生成条件,并根据锆石U-Pb LA-ICP-MS年龄测定结果,探讨了藏西北地区的基底背景.研究发现,班公湖地区的含镍超基性岩体以富集大离子不相容元素Rb、Th、U、Sr、Pb,亏损Ba、K为特点,高场强元素亏损Nb、Ti,富集Ta;稀士元素相对球粒陨石亏损强烈,但轻稀土元素相对富集.这些特点一致反映出含矿岩浆产生于受俯冲沉积物熔体交代的富集型岩石圈地幔源区.岩浆的生成深度较浅,为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩相,源区部分熔融程度较低,大体在10%左右.岩石中集中出现一批24.79亿年的残留锆石年龄,标志着当时班公湖中特斯洋盆沉积物的物源区较为单一,主要来自太古代末-元古代初的古老基底,并且推测太古代与元古代之交(25亿年)有可能是藏西北的一个古陆壳快速生长期.     

Melt inclusions in eclogite garnet: experimental study of natural processes

Experiment with poikilitic garnet at 3 GPa and 800 °C showed dehydration melting of its mineral inclusions, which is accompanied by the growth of (sub)euhedral garnet crystals inside the inclusion and/or xenomorphic garnets replacing the host mineral. The newly formed and host garnets differ drastically in composition. The inclusion surface is complicated by specific wedge-like protrusions or thin branches composed of melt or its crystallization products. The above features have been discovered in polymineral inclusions in garnet from low-temperature (650 °C) eclogite from the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Canada. The inclusions are interpreted as the crystallization products of in situ formed melt.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川消融对气候变化的响应

目前气候变暖导致的冰川退缩,引起了全世界的广泛关注。 以新疆天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例,根据1958年以来的观测资料,研究了冰川消融对气候变化的响应。结果表明,近50 a来冰川在表面粒雪特征、成冰带、冰川温度、面积、厚度及末端位置等方面发生了显著变化,而这些变化均与气温的升高有着密切的联系;20世纪80年代以来的快速升温,使冰川的退缩出现了加速趋势,冰川融水径流量也呈加速增大趋势。