基于成因机理的低阻油层精细评价方法

低阻油层已成为各油田现阶段增储上产的主力储层之一。通过对葡敖油田葡萄花低阻油层的研究发现,构造和沉积特征在宏观上综合控制着该区低阻油层的形成和分布。对构造而言,低阻油层主要发育在低幅度构造的鼻状构造两侧的西部斜坡带、平缓斜坡带;对沉积而言,低阻油层主要发育于弱水动力条件下形成的三角洲前缘的席状砂及滨浅湖的滩砂和坝砂中。在宏观地质因素控制下,低阻油层的微观特征表现为高地层水矿化度、高束缚水饱和度和强黏土矿物附加导电。基于岩心和测井数据,针对低阻油层的实际特征,利用储层品质因子代替传统经验公式中的孔隙度建立束缚水饱和度模型,根据阳离子交换能力和黏土矿物含量的特征,构造该区低阻敏感参数,建立低阻油层评价的高精度数学模型;并依据分析化验数据综合确定各特征参数在低阻油层的下限值,实现从定性识别向定量评价的过渡。利用低阻油层的定量评价模型精细解释研究区17口关键井,能准确识别26个低阻油层中的25个,获得了96.15%的准确率。     

Offshore Occurrences of Heavy-Mineral Placers,Northwest Galicia,Spain

ABSTRACT

Results of offshore water-jet sediment sampling demonstrate the potential for interstadial placer deposits of industrial minerals in the shore-face to inner-shelf of Cape Ortegal, NW Spain. Placer deposition is interpreted to have occurred during glacial interstadials since the Last Glacial Maximum, and deposits sampled at 24 to 42 m. BSL were formed during the Younger Dryas, and subsequently preserved as a result of very rapid rising sea-levels. The sediments are almost entirely terrestrially derived with a particularly high heavy mineral content (Sp. Gr. >2.9), of more than 75% in all samples. Reworked garnet from earlier-sedimentary deposits constitutes an important fraction of the placer deposits identified but is generally absent in other sediments. Indications of the presence of +5 m-thick paleo-placer deposits with sections include:

• Placer garnet + spinel grades increase with depth in those sediments at 24 to 42 m BSL to the ocean-floor.

• The d50 of sediments with background grades decrease with depth while those of placer deposits do not display any significant trend.

• Garnets in non-mineralized sediments are almost entirely angular, whereas in placer enriched sediments they vary in form from well-rounded to angular. Some grains in the latter display surface morphologies typical of reworked sediment while none of the former do.

Sediments deposited during glacial interstadials at depths of up to 130 m BSL may represent important, undeveloped exploration targets for offshore placer deposits of industrial minerals. Industrial mineral exploration should extend the depths of investigations to those corresponding to major interstadial periods.     

反射定标板污染对典型月球矿物定量分析影响的研究

悬浮月尘存在污染月表就位光谱仪反射定标板的可能。文中工作模拟并分析了近红外光谱仪反射定标板在无污染、受轻度和重度污染情况下对模拟月壤矿物混合物光谱指纹特征及定量分析模型预测精确度的影响。结果表明：以受污定标板为参比的月壤矿物混合物反射光谱在反射率和指纹特征上均异于无污染样品,且污染越重差异越大;用无污染光谱数据建立的偏最小二乘(PLS)定量分析模型,预测受污样品时其预测精确度显著降低;采用受污后光谱数据重建PLS模型会在一定程度上能提高受污样品的预测准确度。该研究和获得的结论,在星表光学载荷的设计、数据校正以及定量分析模型预测能力评估等方面具有一定的指导意义。     

A new conceptual model for whole mantle convection and the origin of hotspot plumes

A new conceptual model of mantle convection is constructed for consideration of the origin of hotspot plumes, using recent evidence from seismology, high-pressure experiments, geodynamic modeling, geoid inversion studies, and post-glacial rebound analyses. This conceptual model delivers several key points. Firstly, some of the small-scale mantle upwellings observed as hotspots on the Earth's surface originate at the base of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), in which the Archean granitic continental material crust (TTG; tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with abundant radiogenic elements is accumulated. Secondly, the TTG crust and the subducted oceanic crust that have accumulated at the base of MTZ could act as thermal or mechanical insulators, leading to the formation of a hot and less viscous layer just beneath the MTZ; which may enhance the instability of plume generation at the base of the MTZ. Thirdly, the origin of some hotspot plumes is isolated from the large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the South Pacific. I consider that the conceptual model explains why almost all the hotspots around Africa are located above the margins of the African LLSVP. Because a planetary-scale trench system surrounding a “Pangean cell” has been spatially stable throughout the Phanerozoic, a large amount of the oceanic crustal layer is likely to be trapped in the MTZ under the Pangean cell. Therefore, under Africa, almost all of the hotspot plumes originate from the base of the MTZ, where a large amount of TTG and/or oceanic crusts has accumulated. This conceptual model may explain the fact that almost all the hotspots around Africa are located on margins above the African LLSVP. It is also considered that some of the hotspot plumes under the South Pacific thread through the TTG/oceanic crusts accumulated around the bottom of the MTZ, and some have their roots in the South Pacific LLSVP while others originate from the MTZ. The numerical simulations of mantle convection also speculate that the Earth's mantle convection is not thermally double-layered at the ringwoodite to perovskite + magnesiowüstite (Rw → Pv + Mw) phase boundary, because of its gentle negative Clapeyron slope. This is in contrast with some traditional images of mantle convection that have independent convection cells between the upper and lower mantle. These numerical studies speculate that the generation of stagnant slab at the base of the MTZ (as seismically observed globally) may not be due to the negative Clapeyron slope, and may instead be related to a viscosity increase (i.e., a viscosity jump) at the Rw → Pv + Mw phase boundary, or to a chemically stratified boundary between the upper and the lower mantle, as suggested by a recent high-pressure experiment.     

Geological,tomographic, kinematic and geodynamic constraints on the dynamics of sinking slabs

We use geodynamic models with imposed plate velocities to test the forward-modeled history of subduction based on a particular plate motion model against alternative seismic tomography models. We utilize three alternative published reference frames: a hybrid moving hotspot-palaeomagnetic, a hybrid moving hotspot-true polar wander corrected-palaeomagnetic, and a Subduction Reference Frame, a plate model including longitudinal shifts of subduction zones by matching subduction volumes imaged by P-wave tomography, to assess which model best predicts present day mantle structure compared with seismic tomography and volumetrically derived subduction history. Geodynamic modeling suggests paleo-longitudinal corrections applied to the Subduction Reference Frame result in lower mantle slab material beneath North America and East Asia accumulating up to 10–15° westward of that imaged by tomography, whereas the hybrid models develop material offset by 2–9°. However, the Subduction Reference Frame geodynamic model produces slab material beneath the Tethyan Domain coinciding with slab volumes imaged by tomography, whereas the hybrid reference frame models do not, suggesting regional paleo-longitudinal corrections are required to constrain slab locations. We use our models to test inferred slab sinking rates in the mantle focusing on well-constrained regions. We derive a globally averaged slab-sinking rate of 13 ± 3 mm/yr by combining the ages of onset and cessation of subduction from geological data and kinematic reconstructions with images of subducted slabs in the mantle. Our global average slab-sinking rate overlaps with the 15–20 mm/yr rate implied by mantle convection models using a lower mantle viscosity 100 times higher than the upper mantle.     

Comparison of crustal and upper mantle heterogeneity in different time periods: Indonesian subduction zone to northern Australia

Earthquake events from the Indonesian subduction zone recorded in northern Australia show a long and high-frequency coda associated with both P and S waves. Regional events recorded by Warramunga array in northern Australia can separate out wave propagation through the mantle by focusing on the coherent signal across the medium-aperture array. Most of the incoherent wave components result from structures in the vicinity of the array with small-scale lengths of 1–2 km or smaller. The coherent phases with relatively rapid changes in waveforms are associated with the scattering of seismic waves by crustal and mantle heterogeneity, but in some case can be related to structural effects near the source. As the depth of the source increases, the coherent portion of the seismic wavefield tends to become much simpler, which suggests that the heterogeneity tends to weaken at depth with larger-scale length. We compare the coherent signal features of earthquakes from the Indonesian subduction zone that have occurred in recent years with those in the early 1980s, first studied by Kennett (Phys Earth Planet Inter 47: 319–332, 1987). The general characteristics of the coherent signal variation with depth in recent years are the same as those observed in 1980s, but the variations are larger. This change suggests a stringer variation in heterogeneity with depth than before, which may bear important information about the dynamic processes and evolution of the crust and upper mantle.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组重矿物的成岩作用

砂岩中重矿物在埋藏成岩环境中会发生溶蚀甚至形成新的重矿物胶结物。利用重矿物特征进行物源分析是鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组物源分析的最重要方法之一,但石榴子石、榍石和绿帘石这3种重矿物在成岩作用期间发生了明显的后生变化。研究表明,延长卡中石榴子石发生溶蚀形成粒内溶孔和刻面石榴子石,部分被方解石、绿泥石或硅质交代;见自生榍石晶体及榍石次生加大,且榍石的生长具有多期次性;见自生绿帘石晶体及绿帘石次生加大,部分绿帘石被绿泥石或硅质交代;相对稳定性强的石榴子石部分被溶蚀,而相对稳定性弱的碎屑状榍石、绿帘石并未见到溶蚀现象,这与以往研究中对于重矿物稳定性的认识是不一致的,希望能引起未来研究者的重视。     

ASD FieldSpec 3地物光谱数据在水磨—大河地区岩性分类中的应用

以四川省旺苍县水磨—大河地区为研究区, 利用美国ASD FieldSpec 3便携式地物光谱仪野外实测岩矿波谱数据和ASTER遥感影像数据, 基于GIS平台, 根据野外实测的岩石光谱曲线和USGS光谱库的典型岩石光谱曲线提取端元波谱, 对区域影像像元的光谱曲线进行匹配, 采用ENVI4.4软件自动信息提取与人机交互解译相结合的方式, 进行岩性分类, 可以有效地划分区内岩性界线, 满足填图需求, 对辅助该区区域基础地质调查、矿产普查等具有重要的应用价值。      

大陆岩石圈、地幔底部异常体与地幔对流相互作用的数值模拟

在地球表层存在着占地表面积约30%的具有低固有密度、高黏度的大陆岩石圈.由于其特殊的物理化学性质,大陆岩石圈通常不直接参与下方的地幔对流,但其与地幔对流格局有着重要的相互影响.大量研究显示,在中太平洋和非洲的下地幔底部,存在着两块占核幔边界（CMB）面积约20%的高密度热化学异常体（由于其剪切波速度较低,常称作低剪切波速度省（LSVPs））.LSVPs的演化既受地幔对流的影响,同时也影响地幔物质运动的格局和动力学过程.本文系统研究了存在大陆岩石圈,下地幔LSVPs的地幔对流模型.模拟结果显示：（1）当大陆体积较小时,其边缘常伴随着俯冲,大陆区域地幔常处于下涌状态,其上地幔温度较低,大陆岩石圈在水平方向处于压应力状态.随着大陆体积的增大,大陆边缘的俯冲逐渐减弱,大陆区域地幔由下涌转为上涌,其上地幔温度较高,大陆岩石圈水平方向处于拉应力状态.（2） 岩石圈与软流圈边界（LAB）在大陆下方较深,温度较低;在海洋区域较浅,温度较高.随着大陆体积的增大,陆洋之间LAB深度、温度的差异逐渐减小.（3）大陆区域地幔底部LSVPs物质的丰度与大陆的体积呈正相关.当大陆体积较小时,大陆下方的LSVPs丰度比海洋区域少.随着大陆体积的增大,大陆下方LSVPs的丰度逐渐增大.（4）海洋地区地表热流高,且随时间波动大,大陆地区地表热流低,随时间波动较小;LSVPs区域的核幔边界热流低.     

黔西南普安泥堡大型金矿床黄铁矿与毒砂标型特征及金的赋存状态

通过系统的显微镜鉴定及扫描电镜观察,将黔西南普安泥堡金矿床中的黄铁矿按形貌特征划分为6种类型,即立方体状、草莓状、细粒状、粗粒状、环带状及长条状黄铁矿。黄铁矿电子探针分析结果表明,主要载金矿物为含砷黄铁矿(环带状黄铁矿、细粒状黄铁矿)和毒砂。环带状黄铁矿核部和环带形成于不同的成岩、成矿阶段,其核部贫Au、As,富Fe、S,属成岩期的产物;环带富Au、As,贫Fe、S,形成于主成矿期。黄铁矿环带中Au与As具有正对应关系,在一定的楔形空间呈正相关,高Au含量往往与中等As含量(2%~6%)相对应;而As与S呈明显负相关,说明富砷环带是As取代S而进入黄铁矿晶格所致。细粒状黄铁矿具有高Au、As,低Fe、S的特点,类似于环带状黄铁矿环带部位的特征,推测富As环带与细粒状黄铁矿同属主成矿阶段的产物。毒砂常穿插或沿含砷黄铁矿边缘分布,表明其形成晚于热液期含砷黄铁矿。因此,泥堡金矿床中载金矿物的结晶顺序大致为:贫砷沉积成因黄铁矿(核部)→富砷黄铁矿环带和细粒状黄铁矿→毒砂。电子探针点分析和面波普扫描显示,Au在载金矿物含砷黄铁矿和毒砂中具有不均匀分布的特征,根据Au的溶解度极限(Au/As 0.02)和lgw(As)—lgw(Au)图解,推测Au主要以"不可见"固溶体(Au~(+1))形式赋存于含砷黄铁矿和毒砂中,极少量可能为纳米级自然金(Au~0)。